9129767 VD7RWWR8 1 apa 50 date desc year Parnell-Turner 18 https://reparnellturner.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22XXS63LS7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-01-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20Parnell%26%23x2010%3BTurner%2C%20R.%2C%20Sohn%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fan%2C%20W.%20%282025%29.%20Deformation%20on%20Rainbow%20Massif%2C%20Mid%26%23x2010%3BAtlantic%20Ridge%2C%20Illuminated%20With%20Microearthquakes%20Detected%20by%20Machine%20Learning.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E52%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20e2024GL111285.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2024GL111285%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2024GL111285%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Deformation%20on%20Rainbow%20Massif%2C%20Mid%5Cu2010Atlantic%20Ridge%2C%20Illuminated%20With%20Microearthquakes%20Detected%20by%20Machine%20Learning%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evan%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%5Cu2010Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wenyuan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Oceanic%20detachment%20fault%20systems%20are%20characteristic%20of%20slow%5Cu2010spreading%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridges%2C%20where%20reduced%20magma%20supply%20leads%20to%20increased%20extension%20by%20faulting%20and%20exhumation%20of%20oceanic%20core%20complexes%20%28OCCs%29.%20OCCs%20have%20complicated%20structure%20reflecting%20the%20interplay%20between%20magmatic%2C%20hydrothermal%2C%20and%20tectonic%20processes.%20We%20use%20microearthquake%20data%20from%20a%209%5Cu2010month%20ocean%20bottom%20seismometer%20deployment%20to%20image%20deformation%20structures%20in%20the%20Rainbow%20massif%20on%20the%20Mid%5Cu2010Atlantic%20Ridge.%20Using%20a%20machine%5Cu2010learning%20enabled%20workflow%20to%20obtain%20an%20earthquake%20catalog%20containing%2068%2C000%20events%2C%20we%20find%20seismicity%20occurred%20in%20distinct%20clusters%20that%20correlate%20with%20previously%20imaged%20velocity%20anomalies%20and%20dipping%20subsurface%20reflections.%20Our%20results%20are%20consistent%20with%20a%20dipping%20alteration%20front%20within%20the%20massif%20overlying%20late%5Cu2010stage%20intrusions%20and%20suggest%20a%20transpressional%20fault%20accommodates%20a%20non%5Cu2010transform%20offset%20north%20of%20the%20massif.%20Our%20results%20demonstrate%20OCCs%20continue%20to%20deform%20in%20a%20complex%20way%20after%20a%20detachment%20fault%20has%20been%20abandoned%20due%20to%20combined%20effects%20of%20tectonic%20stresses%2C%20magmatism%2C%20and%20alteration.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20New%20seafloor%20is%20created%20at%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridges%20where%20the%20tectonic%20plates%20spread%20apart.%20When%20ridges%20spread%20relatively%20quickly%2C%20considerable%20volumes%20of%20lava%20are%20erupted%20onto%20the%20seafloor%20to%20accommodate%20plate%20motion.%20When%20spreading%20is%20slower%2C%20less%20magma%20is%20available%2C%20and%20plate%20motion%20can%20instead%20occur%20by%20slip%20on%20kilometer%5Cu2010scale%20faults%20called%20detachments.%20These%20detachment%20fault%20systems%20give%20rise%20to%20many%20tiny%20earthquakes%20whose%20distribution%20changes%20during%20the%20life%5Cu2010cycle%20of%20detachment%20initiation%2C%20long%5Cu2010lived%20slip%2C%20and%20abandonment.%20However%2C%20difficulty%20in%20detecting%20small%5Cu2010magnitude%20earthquakes%20far%20from%20land%20means%20that%20relatively%20little%20is%20known%20about%20the%20later%20stages%20of%20this%20detachment%20life%20cycle.%20Rainbow%20massif%20on%20the%20Mid%5Cu2010Atlantic%20Ridge%20is%20an%20abandoned%20detachment%20fault%20system%20that%20has%20created%20a%20dome%20which%20rises%20up%201%5Cu00a0km%20above%20the%20surrounding%20seafloor%2C%20and%20was%20surveyed%20and%20monitored%20for%20earthquakes%20in%202013%5Cu20132014.%20Using%20machine%20learning%20techniques%2C%20we%20pinpointed%2068%2C000%20earthquake%20locations%20from%20this%20experiment%2C%20and%20find%20that%20Rainbow%20massif%20dome%20is%20being%20sheared%20apart%20by%20ongoing%20plate%20spreading%20after%20the%20detachment%20has%20stopped%20slipping.%20We%20also%20find%20that%20magma%20and%20hydrothermal%20fluids%20are%20likely%20altering%20the%20rocks%20deep%20inside%20the%20dome.%20These%20results%20help%20us%20to%20understand%20how%20seafloor%20is%20formed%20under%20slow%5Cu2010spreading%20conditions%20globally.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Machine%20learning%5Cu2010enabled%20methods%20yield%20new%20earthquake%20catalog%20of%2068%2C326%20microearthquakes%20at%20Rainbow%20massif%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Seismicity%20resolved%20into%20distinct%20clusters%20that%20correlate%20with%20seismic%20imagery%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Rainbow%20massif%20is%20undergoing%20extension%20with%20a%20seismicity%20pattern%20controlled%20by%20hydrothermal%20and%20magmatic%20processes%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-01-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2024GL111285%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%2C%201944-8007%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2024GL111285%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%2C%22Q8T6WMQL%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-12T16%3A54%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I5AV6E42%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Keohane%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKeohane%2C%20I.%2C%20Wu%2C%20J.-N.%2C%20White%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20%282025%29.%20Indications%20of%20abundant%20off-axis%20activity%20at%20the%20east%20Pacific%20rise%2C%209%26%23xB0%3B50%26%23x2019%3B%20N%2C%20using%20a%20machine%20learning%20%26%23x201C%3Bchimney%20identification%20tool.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EComputers%20%26amp%3B%20Geosciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E197%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20105874.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cageo.2025.105874%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cageo.2025.105874%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Indications%20of%20abundant%20off-axis%20activity%20at%20the%20east%20Pacific%20rise%2C%209%5Cu00b050%5Cu2019%20N%2C%20using%20a%20machine%20learning%20%5Cu201cchimney%20identification%20tool%5Cu201d%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isaac%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keohane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jyun-Nai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2203%5C%2F2025%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cageo.2025.105874%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200983004%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS009830042500024X%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-12T16%3A42%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M6ASXF8U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMarjanovi%26%23x107%3B%2C%20M.%2C%20Chen%2C%20J.%2C%20Escart%26%23xED%3Bn%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wu%2C%20J.-N.%20%282024%29.%20Magma-induced%20tectonics%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%209%26%23xB0%3B50%26%23x2019%3BN%3A%20Evidence%20from%20high-resolution%20characterization%20of%20seafloor%20and%20subseafloor.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E121%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2825%29%2C%20e2401440121.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2401440121%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2401440121%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Magma-induced%20tectonics%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%209%5Cu00b050%5Cu2019N%3A%20Evidence%20from%20high-resolution%20characterization%20of%20seafloor%20and%20subseafloor%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Milena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Javier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Escart%5Cu00edn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jyun-Nai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22At%20fast-spreading%20centers%2C%20faults%20develop%20within%20the%20axial%20summit%20trough%20%28AST%3B%200%20to%20250%20m%20around%20the%20axis%29%20primarily%20by%20diking-induced%20deformation%20originating%20from%20the%20axial%20magma%20lens%20%28AML%29.%20The%20formation%20of%20the%20prominent%20abyssal-hill-bounding%20faults%20beyond%20the%20axial%20high%20%28%3E2%2C000%20m%29%20is%20typically%20associated%20with%20the%20unbending%20of%20the%20lithosphere%20as%20it%20cools%20and%20spreads%20away%20from%20the%20AST.%20The%20presence%20of%20faults%20is%20rarely%20mapped%20between%20these%20two%20thermally%20distinct%20zones%2C%20where%20the%20lithosphere%20is%20still%20too%20hot%20for%20the%20faults%20to%20be%20linked%20with%20the%20process%20of%20thermal%20cooling%20and%20outside%20of%20the%20AST%20where%20the%20accretional%20diking%20process%20dominates%20the%20ridge%20axis.%20Here%2C%20we%20reveal%20a%20remarkable%20vertical%20alignment%20between%20the%20distinct%20morphological%20features%20of%20the%20magma%20body%20and%20the%20orientation%20of%20these%20faults%2C%20by%20comparison%20of%203-D%20seismic%20imagery%20and%20bathymetry%20data%20collected%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20%28EPR%29%209%5Cu00b050%5Cu2019N.%20The%20spatial%20coincidence%20and%20asymmetric%20nucleation%20mode%20of%20the%20mapped%20faults%20represent%20the%20most%20direct%20evidence%20for%20magmatically%20induced%20faulting%20near%20the%20ridge%20axis%2C%20providing%20pathways%20for%20hydrothermalism%20and%20magma%20emplacement%2C%20helping%20to%20build%20the%20crust%20outside%20of%20the%20AST.%20The%20high-resolution%20seafloor%20and%20subsurface%20images%20also%20enable%20revised%20tectonic%20strain%20estimates%2C%20which%20shows%20that%20the%20near-axis%20tectonic%20component%20of%20seafloor%20spreading%20at%20the%20EPR%20is%20an%20order%20of%20magnitude%20smaller%20than%20previously%20thought%20with%20close%20to%20negligible%20contribution%20of%20lava%20buried%20faults%20to%20spreading.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2401440121%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%2C%201091-6490%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpnas.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2401440121%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-31T22%3A47%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FKGL4DS5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zheng%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-03-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZheng%2C%20T.%2C%20Lin%2C%20J.%2C%20Schouten%2C%20H.%2C%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Klein%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20%282023%29.%20Gravity%20Anomalies%20and%20Implications%20for%20Shallow%20Mantle%20Processes%20of%20the%20Western%20Cocos%26%23x2010%3BNazca%20Spreading%20Center.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E50%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20e2022GL102133.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GL102133%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GL102133%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Gravity%20Anomalies%20and%20Implications%20for%20Shallow%20Mantle%20Processes%20of%20the%20Western%20Cocos%5Cu2010Nazca%20Spreading%20Center%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tingting%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schouten%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deborah%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-03-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2022GL102133%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%2C%201944-8007%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GL102133%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-17T18%3A56%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226JTFF5WT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tucholke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETucholke%2C%20B.%20E.%2C%20Parnell%26%23x2010%3BTurner%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%20%282023%29.%20The%20Global%20Spectrum%20of%20Seafloor%20Morphology%20on%20Mid%26%23x2010%3BOcean%20Ridge%20Flanks%20Related%20to%20Magma%20Supply.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E128%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%20e2023JB027367.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JB027367%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JB027367%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Global%20Spectrum%20of%20Seafloor%20Morphology%20on%20Mid%5Cu2010Ocean%20Ridge%20Flanks%20Related%20to%20Magma%20Supply%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tucholke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%5Cu2010Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deborah%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Magma%20supply%20likely%20exerts%20primary%20control%20on%20seafloor%20morphology%20of%20oceanic%20crust%2C%20but%20most%20studies%20have%20related%20morphology%20to%20spreading%20rate.%20Here%20we%20examine%20global%20patterns%20of%20morphology%20on%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridge%20%28MOR%29%20flanks%20in%20relation%20to%20magma%20supply%20derived%20from%20residual%20mantle%20Bouguer%20gravity%20anomaly%20%28proxy%20for%20relative%20crustal%20thickness%29%20and%20spreading%20rate.%20We%20use%20multibeam%20bathymetry%20to%20characterize%20morphology%20using%20both%20qualitative%20%28descriptive%29%20and%20quantitative%20approaches%2C%20and%20we%20compare%20results%20to%20both%20magma%20supply%20and%20spreading%20rate.%20Morphology%20becomes%20more%20isotropic%20and%20abyssal%20hills%20are%20more%20irregular%20and%20discontinuous%20as%20magma%20supply%20decreases%2C%20while%20roughness%2C%20area%20of%20steeper%20slopes%2C%20and%20anomalous%20fabric%20orientation%20increase.%20We%20interpret%20these%20changes%20to%20reflect%20changing%20magma%20distribution%20along%5Cu2010axis%2C%20from%20large%5Cu2010volume%20and%20spatially%20extensive%20to%20progressively%20reduced%2C%20increasingly%20localized%2C%20and%20more%20irregularly%20emplaced.%20Observed%20relations%20between%20crustal%20thickness%20and%20morphology%20imply%20that%20average%20thickness%20of%20purely%20magmatic%20crust%20in%20the%20Atlantic%20and%20parts%20of%20the%20Indian%20ridge%20system%20is%20significantly%20less%20than%20average%20seismically%20determined%20crust.%20Thus%20seismically%20defined%20crustal%20thickness%20in%20those%20regions%20likely%20includes%20significant%20non%5Cu2010magmatic%20components%20such%20as%20serpentinized%20mantle.%20Excepting%20regions%20of%20extensive%20mantle%20exposure%2C%20most%20morphologic%20parameters%20that%20we%20examined%20are%20sensitive%20to%20estimated%20magma%20supply%20but%20not%20necessarily%20to%20spreading%20rate%20alone.%20We%20summarize%20our%20results%20in%20schematic%20models%20that%20relate%20morphologic%20variations%20to%20changes%20in%20magma%20supply%20and%20mantle%20serpentinization%20throughout%20the%20global%20MOR%20system.%20Finally%2C%20we%20note%20that%20combined%20qualitative%20and%20quantitative%20results%20of%20our%20study%20may%20be%20useful%20for%20developing%20automated%20morphologic%20classification%20schemes.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridges%20encircle%20the%20globe%20and%20spread%20apart%20along%20their%20axes%20to%20form%20ocean%20crust.%20Seafloor%20morphology%20of%20crust%20on%20the%20flanks%20of%20different%20ridges%20can%20be%20highly%20variable.%20The%20variations%20classically%20have%20been%20attributed%20to%20differences%20in%20spreading%20rate%20but%20there%20are%20notable%20exceptions%20to%20this%20correlation.%20Here%20we%20use%20changes%20in%20gravity%20over%20different%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridges%20%28MORs%29%20together%20with%20spreading%20rate%20to%20infer%20magma%20supply%20to%20the%20ridges%2C%20and%20we%20examine%20how%20morphology%20varies%20with%20changes%20in%20the%20magma%20supply.%20We%20find%20that%20features%20such%20as%20long%2C%20linear%2C%20and%20structurally%20continuous%20abyssal%20hills%20correlate%20well%20with%20high%20magma%20supply%20while%20progressively%20rougher%2C%20steeper%2C%20and%20more%20irregular%20morphology%20forms%20as%20magma%20supply%20is%20reduced%3B%20this%20is%20observed%20irrespective%20of%20spreading%20rate%2C%20indicating%20that%20magma%20supply%20better%20predicts%20morphologic%20style.%20Observed%20relations%20between%20crustal%20thickness%20and%20morphology%20imply%20that%20seismically%20determined%20crustal%20thickness%20in%20the%20Atlantic%20and%20parts%20of%20the%20Indian%20Ocean%20MOR%20system%20includes%20significant%20components%20of%20non%5Cu2010magmatic%20crust%20%28e.g.%2C%20altered%20mantle%29.%20Our%20study%20characterizes%20crustal%20morphology%20both%20qualitatively%20%28visually%29%20and%20quantitatively%3B%20correlations%20between%20these%20characterizations%20may%20be%20useful%20for%20developing%20automated%20morphologic%20classification%20schemes.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Variable%20morphology%20of%20global%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridge%20flanks%20is%20examined%20qualitatively%20and%20quantitatively%20using%20multibeam%20bathymetric%20data%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Change%20in%20magma%20supply%20as%20derived%20from%20gravity%20and%20spreading%20rate%2C%20plus%20mantle%20serpentinization%2C%20explains%20observed%20morphologic%20variations%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Morphologic%20changes%20indicate%20thinner%20magmatic%20crust%20than%20seismically%20determined%20crust%20in%20the%20Atlantic%20and%20parts%20of%20the%20Indian%20Ocean%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2023JB027367%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%2C%202169-9356%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023JB027367%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-22T22%3A02%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223MB6ER6R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gong%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGong%2C%20J.%2C%20Fan%2C%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Parnell%26%23x2010%3BTurner%2C%20R.%20%282023%29.%20Machine%20Learning%26%23x2010%3BBased%20New%20Earthquake%20Catalog%20Illuminates%20On%26%23x2010%3BFault%20and%20Off%26%23x2010%3BFault%20Seismicity%20Patterns%20at%20the%20Discovery%20Transform%20Fault%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%2C%20Geophysics%2C%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20e2023GC011043.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GC011043%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GC011043%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Machine%20Learning%5Cu2010Based%20New%20Earthquake%20Catalog%20Illuminates%20On%5Cu2010Fault%20and%20Off%5Cu2010Fault%20Seismicity%20Patterns%20at%20the%20Discovery%20Transform%20Fault%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jianhua%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wenyuan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%5Cu2010Turner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Oceanic%20transform%20faults%20connect%20spreading%20centers%20and%20are%20imprinted%20with%20previous%20tectonic%20events.%20However%2C%20their%20tectonic%20interactions%20are%20not%20well%20understood%20due%20to%20limited%20observations.%20The%20Discovery%20transform%20fault%20system%20at%204%5Cu00b0S%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20%28EPR%29%2C%20represents%20a%20young%20transform%20system%2C%20offering%20a%20unique%20opportunity%20to%20study%20the%20interplay%20between%20faulting%20and%20other%20tectonic%20events%20at%20an%20early%20phases%20of%20an%20oceanic%20transform%20system.%20Discovery%20regularly%20hosts%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%205%5Cu20136%20characteristic%20earthquakes%2C%20and%20the%20seafloor%20north%20of%20Discovery%20includes%20a%2035%5Cu00a0km%5Cu2010long%20rift%20zone%20that%20records%20a%20complex%20history%20of%20rifting%2C%20faulting%20and%20volcanism%2C%20suggesting%20that%20the%20transform%20faults%20likely%20interact%20with%20regional%20tectonic%20activity.%20We%20apply%20a%20machine%5Cu2010learning%20enabled%20workflow%20to%20locate%2021%2C391%20earthquakes%20recorded%20during%20a%201%5Cu2010year%20ocean%20bottom%20seismometer%20experiment%20in%202008.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20seismicity%20on%20the%20western%20Discovery%20fault%20is%20separated%20into%20seven%20patches%20with%20distinct%20aseismic%20and%20seismic%20slip%20modes.%20Additionally%2C%20we%20observe%20a%20patch%20of%20off%5Cu2010fault%20seismicity%20near%20where%20seafloor%20abyssal%20hills%20intersect%20the%20rift%20zone.%20This%20seismicity%20may%20have%20been%20caused%20by%20varying%20opening%20rates%20as%20spreading%20rate%20decreases%20from%20north%20to%20south%20in%20the%20rift%20zone.%20Our%20findings%20suggest%20that%20the%20Discovery%20system%20is%20still%20evolving%2C%20and%20that%20system%20equilibrium%20has%20not%20been%20reached%20between%20rifting%20and%20faulting.%20These%20results%20reflect%20the%20complex%20yet%20rarely%20observed%20interactions%20between%20fault%20slip%2C%20plate%20rotation%2C%20and%20rifting%20which%20are%20likely%20ubiquitous%20at%20oceanic%20transform%20systems.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Oceanic%20transform%20faults%20are%20major%20plate%20boundaries%20connecting%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridges.%20Despite%20their%20important%20role%20in%20plate%20tectonics%2C%20their%20interactions%20with%20adjacent%20mid%5Cu2010ocean%20ridges%20and%20surrounding%20oceanic%20plates%20are%20not%20well%20understood.%20The%20Discovery%20transform%20fault%20system%20at%204%5Cu00b0S%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%2C%20is%20a%20young%20oceanic%20transform%20system%20formed%20approximately%201%5Cu00a0My%20ago%2C%20offering%20a%20unique%20opportunity%20to%20study%20the%20interplay%20between%20faulting%20and%20other%20tectonic%20events%20at%20an%20early%20phase%20of%20an%20OTF.%20Discovery%20faults%20have%20quasi%5Cu2010periodical%20magnitude%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%205%5Cu20136%20earthquakes.%20Using%20ocean%20bottom%20seismometer%20data%20recorded%20over%201%5Cu00a0year%2C%20we%20find%20that%20seismicity%20of%20the%20western%20Discovery%20fault%20can%20be%20grouped%20into%20seven%20patches%2C%20indicating%20division%20of%20alternating%20slip%20modes%20that%20either%20releases%20tectonic%20strain%20by%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20M%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cu00a0%3E%5Cu00a05%20earthquakes%20or%20creep%20steadily.%20North%20of%20the%20western%20Discovery%20fault%2C%20a%20%5Cu223c10%5Cu00a0km%20wide%20rift%20zone%2C%20abundant%20seamounts%2C%20and%20abyssal%20hills%20form%20an%20interactive%20tectonic%20complex.%20We%20observe%20a%20patch%20of%20off%5Cu2010fault%20seismicity%20coinciding%20with%20seafloor%20abyssal%20hills%20near%20their%20intersection%20with%20the%20rift%20zone.%20This%20off%5Cu2010fault%20seismicity%20indicates%20ongoing%20deformation%20within%20the%20oceanic%20plate%20and%20possible%20spatial%20variations%20in%20rifting%20rates.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20the%20Discovery%20system%20is%20still%20evolving%20with%20rifting%20and%20faulting%20accommodating%20plate%20spreading%20simultaneously.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Key%20Points%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20western%20Discovery%20transform%20fault%20has%20seven%20patches%20that%20are%20likely%20dominated%20by%20alternating%20seismic%20and%20aseismic%20slip%20modes%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Machine%5Cu2010learning%20method%20helps%20to%20identify%20off%5Cu2010fault%20seismicity%20along%20abyssal%20hills%2C%20indicating%20ongoing%20deformation%20within%20the%20oceanic%20plate%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20Discovery%20transform%20system%20is%20young%20and%20still%20evolving%2C%20forming%20an%20interactive%20system%20with%20faulting%2C%20rifting%2C%20and%20plate%20rotation%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2023GC011043%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%2C%201525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GC011043%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%2C%22Q8T6WMQL%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-25T15%3A49%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QEQQITSV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Berrios%5Cu2010Rivera%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBerrios%26%23x2010%3BRivera%2C%20N.%2C%20Gee%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Parnell%26%23x2010%3BTurner%2C%20R.%2C%20Maher%2C%20S.%2C%20Wu%2C%20J.%2C%20Fornari%2C%20D.%2C%20Tivey%2C%20M.%2C%20Marjanovi%26%23x107%3B%2C%20M.%2C%20Barreyre%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McDermott%2C%20J.%20%282023%29.%20Significance%20of%20Short%26%23x2010%3BWavelength%20Magnetic%20Anomaly%20Low%20Along%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20Axis%2C%209%26%23xB0%3B50%26%23x2032%3BN.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%2C%20Geophysics%2C%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%20e2023GC010875.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GC010875%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GC010875%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Significance%20of%20Short%5Cu2010Wavelength%20Magnetic%20Anomaly%20Low%20Along%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20Axis%2C%209%5Cu00b050%5Cu2032N%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berrios%5Cu2010Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%5Cu2010Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jyun%5Cu2010Nai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maurice%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tivey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Milena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thibaut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barreyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jill%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDermott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2023GC010875%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%2C%201525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2023GC010875%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%2C%22HNWGW55I%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-23T15%3A52%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224YQAWRCH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWu%2C%20J.%2C%20Parnell%26%23x2010%3BTurner%2C%20R.%2C%20Fornari%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Berrios%26%23x2010%3BRivera%2C%20N.%2C%20Barreyre%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McDermott%2C%20J.%20M.%20%282023%29.%20The%20Role%20of%20On%26%23x2010%3B%20and%20Off%26%23x2010%3BAxis%20Faults%20and%20Fissures%20During%20Eruption%20Cycles%20and%20Crustal%20Accretion%20at%209%26%23xB0%3B50%26%23x2032%3BN%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%2C%20Geophysics%2C%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E24%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20e2022GC010794.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GC010794%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GC010794%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Role%20of%20On%5Cu2010%20and%20Off%5Cu2010Axis%20Faults%20and%20Fissures%20During%20Eruption%20Cycles%20and%20Crustal%20Accretion%20at%209%5Cu00b050%5Cu2032N%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jyun%5Cu2010Nai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%5Cu2010Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berrios%5Cu2010Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thibaut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barreyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jill%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDermott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2204%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2022GC010794%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%2C%201525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GC010794%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-23T16%3A29%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224C3YRQ2B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McDermott%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-07-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcDermott%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Barreyre%2C%20T.%2C%20Herrera%2C%20S.%2C%20Downing%2C%20C.%20C.%2C%20Pittoors%2C%20N.%20C.%2C%20Pehr%2C%20K.%2C%20Vohsen%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Dowd%2C%20W.%20S.%2C%20Wu%2C%20J.-N.%2C%20Marjanovi%26%23x107%3B%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fornari%2C%20D.%20J.%20%282022%29.%20Discovery%20of%20active%20off-axis%20hydrothermal%20vents%20at%209%26%23xB0%3B%2054%26%23x2032%3BN%20East%20Pacific%20Rise.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E119%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2830%29%2C%20e2205602119.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2205602119%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2205602119%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Discovery%20of%20active%20off-axis%20hydrothermal%20vents%20at%209%5Cu00b0%2054%5Cu2032N%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jill%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDermott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thibaut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barreyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Santiago%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Herrera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Connor%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Downing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicole%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pittoors%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kelden%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pehr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samuel%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vohsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dowd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jyun-Nai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Milena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Comprehensive%20knowledge%20of%20the%20distribution%20of%20active%20hydrothermal%20vent%20fields%20along%20midocean%20ridges%20is%20essential%20to%20understanding%20global%20chemical%20and%20heat%20fluxes%20and%20endemic%20faunal%20distributions.%20However%2C%20current%20knowledge%20is%20biased%20by%20a%20historical%20preference%20for%20on-axis%20surveys.%20A%20scarcity%20of%20high-resolution%20bathymetric%20surveys%20in%20off-axis%20regions%20limits%20vent%20identification%2C%20which%20implies%20that%20the%20number%20of%20vents%20may%20be%20underestimated.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20the%20discovery%20of%20an%20active%2C%20high-temperature%2C%20off-axis%20hydrothermal%20field%20on%20a%20fast-spreading%20ridge.%20The%20vent%20field%20is%20located%20750%20m%20east%20of%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20axis%20and%20%5Cu223c7%20km%20north%20of%20on-axis%20vents%20at%209%5Cu00b0%2050%5Cu2032N%2C%20which%20are%20situated%20in%20a%2050-%20to%20100-m-wide%20trough.%20This%20site%20is%20currently%20the%20largest%20vent%20field%20known%20on%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20between%209%20and%2010%5Cu00b0%20N.%20Its%20proximity%20to%20a%20normal%20fault%20suggests%20that%20hydrothermal%20fluid%20pathways%20are%20tectonically%20controlled.%20Geochemical%20evidence%20reveals%20deep%20fluid%20circulation%20to%20depths%20only%20160%20m%20above%20the%20axial%20magma%20lens.%20Relative%20to%20on-axis%20vents%20at%209%5Cu00b0%2050%5Cu2032N%2C%20these%20off-axis%20fluids%20attain%20higher%20temperatures%20and%20pressures.%20This%20tectonically%20controlled%20vent%20field%20may%20therefore%20exhibit%20greater%20stability%20in%20fluid%20composition%2C%20in%20contrast%20to%20more%20dynamic%2C%20dike-controlled%2C%20on-axis%20vents.%20The%20location%20of%20this%20site%20indicates%20that%20high-temperature%20convective%20circulation%20cells%20extend%20to%20greater%20distances%20off%20axis%20than%20previously%20realized.%20Thorough%20high-resolution%20mapping%20is%20necessary%20to%20understand%20the%20distribution%2C%20frequency%2C%20and%20physical%20controls%20on%20active%20off-axis%20vent%20fields%20so%20that%20their%20contribution%20to%20global%20heat%20and%20chemical%20fluxes%20and%20role%20in%20metacommunity%20dynamics%20can%20be%20determined.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-07-26%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2205602119%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%2C%201091-6490%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpnas.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Ffull%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.2205602119%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-30T15%3A08%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227R8NKLSS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Dziak%2C%20R.%20P.%20%282022%29.%20Hydroacoustic%20Monitoring%20of%20Seafloor%20Spreading%20and%20Transform%20Faulting%20in%20the%20Equatorial%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E127%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%2020.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022jb024008%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022jb024008%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydroacoustic%20Monitoring%20of%20Seafloor%20Spreading%20and%20Transform%20Faulting%20in%20the%20Equatorial%20Atlantic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dziak%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seismicity%20along%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20and%20oceanic%20transform%20faults%20provides%20insights%20into%20the%20processes%20of%20crustal%20accretion%20and%20strike-slip%20deformation.%20In%20the%20equatorial%20Atlantic%20ocean%2C%20the%20slow-spreading%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20is%20offset%20by%20some%20of%20the%20longest-offset%20transform%20faults%20on%20Earth%2C%20which%20remain%20relatively%20poorly%20understood%20due%20to%20its%20remote%20location%20far%20from%20land-based%20teleseismic%20receivers.%20A%20catalog%20of%20T-phase%20events%20detected%20by%20an%20array%20of%2010%20autonomous%20hydrophones%20deployed%20between%202011%20and%202015%2C%20extending%20from%2020%20degrees%20N%20to%2010%20degrees%20S%20is%20presented.%20The%20final%20catalog%20of%206%2C843%20events%20has%20a%20magnitude%20of%20completeness%20of%203.3%2C%20compared%20to%204.4%20for%20the%20International%20Seismic%20Center%20teleseismic%20catalog%20covering%20the%20same%20region%2C%20and%20allows%20investigation%20of%20the%20dual%20processes%20of%20crustal%20accretion%20and%20transform%20fault%20slip.%20The%20seismicity%20rate%20observed%20at%20asymmetric%20spreading%20segments%20%28those%20hosting%20detachment%20faults%29%20is%20significantly%20higher%20than%20that%20of%20symmetric%20spreading%20centers%2C%20and%2074%25%20of%20known%20hydrothermal%20vents%20along%20the%20equatorial%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20occur%20on%20asymmetric%20spreading%20segments.%20Aseismic%20patches%20are%20present%20on%20nearly%20all%20equatorial%20Atlantic%20transform%20faults%2C%20including%20on%20the%20Romanche%20transform%20where%20regional%20rotation%20and%20transpression%20could%20explain%20both%20bathymetric%20uplift%20and%20reduction%20in%20seismic%20activity.%20The%20observed%20patterns%20in%20seismicity%20provide%20insight%20into%20the%20thermal%20and%20mechanical%20structure%20of%20the%20ridge%20axis%20and%20associated%20transform%20faults%2C%20and%20potentially%20provide%20a%20method%20for%20investigating%20the%20distribution%20of%20hydrothermal%20vent%20systems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2022jb024008%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-05T16%3A03%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VQERMVKL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wu%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWu%2C%20J.%20N.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Fornari%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Kurras%2C%20G.%2C%20Berrios-Rivera%2C%20N.%2C%20Barreyre%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McDermott%2C%20J.%20M.%20%282022%29.%20Extent%20and%20volume%20of%20lava%20flows%20erupted%20at%209%20degrees%2050%20%26%23x2019%3B%20N%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20in%202005-2006%20from%20autonomous%20underwater%20vehicle%20surveys.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%2019.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gc010213%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gc010213%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extent%20and%20volume%20of%20lava%20flows%20erupted%20at%209%20degrees%2050%20%27%20N%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20in%202005-2006%20from%20autonomous%20underwater%20vehicle%20surveys%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurras%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berrios-Rivera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barreyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDermott%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seafloor%20volcanic%20eruptions%20are%20difficult%20to%20directly%20observe%20due%20to%20lengthy%20eruption%20cycles%20and%20the%20remote%20location%20of%20mid-ocean%20ridges.%20Volcanic%20eruptions%20in%202005-2006%20at%209%20degrees%2050%20%27%20N%20on%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20have%20been%20well%20documented%2C%20but%20the%20lava%20volume%20and%20flow%20extent%20remain%20uncertain%20because%20of%20the%20limited%20near-bottom%20bathymetric%20data.%20We%20present%20near-bottom%20data%20collected%20during%2019%20autonomous%20underwater%20vehicle%20%28AUV%29%20Sentry%20dives%20at%209%20degrees%2050%20%27%20N%20in%202018%2C%202019%2C%20and%202021.%20The%20resulting%201%20m-resolution%20bathymetric%20grid%20and%2020%20cm-resolution%20sidescan%20sonar%20images%20cover%20115%20km%282%29%2C%20and%20span%20the%20entire%20area%20of%20the%202005-2006%20eruptions%2C%20including%20an%208%20km%282%29%20pre-eruption%20survey%20collected%20with%20AUV%20ABE%20in%202001.%20Pre-%20and%20post-eruption%20surveys%2C%20combined%20with%20sidescan%20sonar%20images%20and%20seismo-acoustic%20impulsive%20events%20recorded%20during%20the%20eruptions%2C%20are%20used%20to%20quantify%20the%20lava%20flow%20extent%20and%20to%20estimate%20changes%20in%20seafloor%20depth%20caused%20by%20lava%20emplacement.%20During%20the%202005-2006%20eruptions%2C%20lava%20flowed%20up%20to%20similar%20to%203%20km%20away%20from%20the%20axial%20summit%20trough%2C%20covering%20an%20area%20of%20similar%20to%2020.8%20km%282%29%3B%20similar%20to%2050%25%20larger%20than%20previously%20thought.%20Where%20pre-%20and%20post-eruption%20surveys%20overlap%2C%20individual%20flow%20lobes%20can%20be%20resolved%2C%20confirming%20that%20lava%20thickness%20varies%20from%20similar%20to%201%20to%2010%20m%2C%20and%20increases%20with%20distance%20from%20eruptive%20fissures.%20The%20resulting%20lava%20volume%20estimate%20indicates%20that%20similar%20to%2057%25%20of%20the%20melt%20extracted%20from%20the%20axial%20melt%20lens%20probably%20remained%20in%20the%20subsurface%20as%20dikes.%20These%20observations%20provide%20insights%20into%20recharge%20cycles%20in%20the%20subsurface%20magma%20system%2C%20and%20are%20a%20baseline%20for%20studying%20future%20eruptions%20at%20the%209%20degrees%2050%20%27%20N%20area.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021gc010213%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SVLQQVTV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gong%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGong%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Fan%2C%20W.%20Y.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20%282022%29.%20Microseismicity%20indicates%20atypical%20small-scale%20plate%20rotation%20at%20the%20Quebrada%20Transform%20Fault%20System%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E49%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%2014.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl097000%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl097000%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Microseismicity%20indicates%20atypical%20small-scale%20plate%20rotation%20at%20the%20Quebrada%20Transform%20Fault%20System%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Closely%20spaced%2C%20multi-strand%20ridge%20transform%20faults%20%28RTFs%29%20accommodate%20relative%20motions%20along%20fast%20spreading%20mid-ocean%20ridges.%20However%2C%20the%20relations%20between%20RTFs%20and%20plate%20spreading%20dynamics%20are%20poorly%20understood.%20The%20Quebrada%20system%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20unique%20RTF%20systems%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%2C%20consisting%20of%20four%20transform%20faults%20connected%20by%20three%20short%20intra-transform%20spreading%20centers%20%28ITSCs%29.%20We%20use%20seven-months%20of%20ocean%20bottom%20seismograph%20data%20to%20study%20the%20Quebrada%20system%2C%20and%20find%20abundant%20earthquakes%20unevenly%20distributed%20among%20three%20active%20faults.%20We%20identify%20two%20deep%2C%20diffuse%20seismicity%20clouds%20at%20the%20inside%20corners%20of%20the%20ITSC-transform%20fault%20intersections%2C%20and%20one%20seismically%20active%20fracture%20zone.%20The%20observations%20suggest%20a%20complex%20regional%20plate-motion%20pattern%2C%20including%20possible%20heterogeneous%20rotations%20within%20the%20Quebrada%20system.%20Evolution%20of%20multi-strand%20RTFs%20may%20have%20resulted%20from%20a%20strong%20three-dimensional%20local%20thermal%20and%20fluid%20effects%2C%20while%20the%20RTFs%20may%20have%20also%20regulated%20regional%20tectonics%2C%20forming%20an%20intricate%20feedback%20system.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20Mid-ocean%20ridge%20transform%20faults%20%28RTFs%29%20are%20plate%20boundaries%20that%20offset%20adjacent%20mid-ocean%20ridges.%20At%20fast%20spreading%20mid-ocean%20ridges%2C%20such%20as%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20%28EPR%29%2C%20closely%20spaced%2C%20multi-strand%20RTFs%20are%20often%20connected%20by%20two%20or%20more%20short%20intra-transform%20spreading%20centers%20%28ITSCs%29.%20However%2C%20physical%20processes%20accommodating%20plate%20spreading%20along%20such%20multi-strand%20RTF%20systems%20and%20the%20inter-relations%20between%20the%20fault%20system%20and%20the%20tectonic%20dynamics%20are%20not%20well%20understood.%20Quebrada%20is%20one%20of%20such%20multi-strand%20RTFs%20at%20the%20EPR.%20We%20utilize%20seven-month%20seismic%20data%20from%20ocean%20bottom%20seismographs%20of%20a%202008%20experiment%20to%20investigate%20the%20seismotectonics%20of%20the%20region.%20We%20find%20intriguing%2C%20abundant%20seismicity%20on%20one%20of%20the%20fracture%20zones%2C%20contradicting%20the%20traditional%20view%20that%20fracture%20zones%20are%20seismically%20quiescent.%20Further%2C%20we%20identify%20two%20diffuse%20seismicity%20clouds%20penetrating%20the%20uppermost%20mantle%20at%20the%20inside%20corners%20of%20the%20ITSC-transform%20fault%20intersections%2C%20implying%20complex%20interactions%20among%20ITSCs%2C%20transform%20faults%2C%20and%20their%20surrounding%20structure.%20From%20these%20observations%2C%20we%20infer%20that%20there%20are%20rotational%20motions%20within%20the%20Quebrada%20fault%20system%2C%20which%20have%20caused%20slip%20along%20the%20fracture%20zone%20and%20facilitated%20fluid%20circulations%20to%20produce%20deep%2C%20diffuse%20seismicity.%20We%20speculate%20that%20there%20is%20a%20complex%20feedback%20system%20between%20the%20multi-strand%20RTFs%20and%20local%20three-dimensional%20tectonic%20processes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021gl097000%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%2C%22Q8T6WMQL%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-22T23%3A33%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223AJG7XDQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barreyre%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBarreyre%2C%20T.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Wu%2C%20J.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fornari%2C%20D.%20J.%20%282022%29.%20Tracking%20crustal%20permeability%20and%20hydrothermal%20response%20during%20seafloor%20eruptions%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%2C%209%20degrees%2050%26%23x2019%3BN.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E49%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%209.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl095459%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021gl095459%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tracking%20crustal%20permeability%20and%20hydrothermal%20response%20during%20seafloor%20eruptions%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%2C%209%20degrees%2050%27N%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barreyre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Permeability%20controls%20energy%20and%20matter%20fluxes%20in%20deep-sea%20hydrothermal%20systems%20fueling%20a%20%27deep%20biosphere%27%20of%20microorganisms.%20Here%2C%20we%20indirectly%20measure%20changes%20in%20sub-seafloor%20crustal%20permeability%2C%20based%20on%20the%20tidal%20response%20of%20high-temperature%20hydrothermal%20vents%20at%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%209%20degrees%2050%27N%20preceding%20the%20last%20phase%20of%20volcanic%20eruptions%20during%202005-2006.%20Ten%20months%20before%20the%20last%20phase%20of%20the%20eruptions%2C%20permeability%20decreased%2C%20first%20rapidly%2C%20and%20then%20steadily%20as%20the%20stress%20built%20up%2C%20until%20hydrothermal%20flow%20stopped%20altogether%20similar%20to%202%20weeks%20prior%20to%20the%20January%202006%20eruption%20phase.%20This%20trend%20was%20interrupted%20by%20abrupt%20permeability%20increases%2C%20attributable%20to%20dike%20injection%20during%20last%20phase%20of%20the%20eruptions%2C%20which%20released%20crustal%20stress%2C%20allowing%20hydrothermal%20flow%20to%20resume.%20These%20observations%20and%20models%20suggest%20that%20abrupt%20changes%20in%20crustal%20permeability%20caused%20by%20magmatic%20intrusion%20and%20volcanic%20eruption%20can%20control%20first-order%20hydrothermal%20circulation%20processes.%20This%20methodology%20has%20the%20potential%20to%20aid%20eruption%20forecasting%20along%20the%20global%20mid-ocean%20ridge%20network.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021gl095459%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XJWG28LR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fabbrizzi%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFabbrizzi%2C%20A.%2C%20Parnell%26%23x2010%3BTurner%2C%20R.%2C%20Gregg%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Fornari%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Perfit%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20Wanless%2C%20V.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Anderson%2C%20M.%20%282022%29.%20Relative%20Timing%20of%20Off%26%23x2010%3BAxis%20Volcanism%20From%20Sediment%20Thickness%20Estimates%20on%20the%208%26%23xB0%3B20%26%23x2019%3BN%20Seamount%20Chain%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%2C%20Geophysics%2C%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GC010335%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GC010335%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Relative%20Timing%20of%20Off%5Cu2010Axis%20Volcanism%20From%20Sediment%20Thickness%20Estimates%20on%20the%208%5Cu00b020%5Cu2019N%20Seamount%20Chain%2C%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fabbrizzi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ross%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell%5Cu2010Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricia%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gregg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perfit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20Dorsey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wanless%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2022GC010335%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%2C%201525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022GC010335%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-11T18%3A08%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LXTVNUYH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22de%20Melo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3Ede%20Melo%2C%20G.%20W.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Dziak%2C%20R.%20P.%2C%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Maia%2C%20M.%2C%20do%20Nascimento%2C%20A.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Royer%2C%20J.%20Y.%20%282021%29.%20Uppermost%20mantle%20velocity%20beneath%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20and%20transform%20faults%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20Seismological%20Society%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E111%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%201067%26%23x2013%3B1079.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120200248%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120200248%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Uppermost%20mantle%20velocity%20beneath%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20and%20transform%20faults%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Atlantic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20W.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Melo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dziak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22do%20Nascimento%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Royer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seismic%20rays%20traveling%20just%20below%20the%20Moho%20provide%20insights%20into%20the%20thermal%20and%20compositional%20properties%20of%20the%20upper%20mantle%20and%20can%20be%20detected%20as%20Pn%20phases%20from%20regional%20earthquakes.%20Such%20phases%20are%20routinely%20identified%20in%20the%20continents%2C%20but%20in%20the%20oceans%2C%20detection%20of%20Pn%20phases%20is%20limited%20by%20a%20lack%20of%20long-term%20instrument%20deployments.%20We%20present%20estimates%20of%20upper-mantle%20velocity%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Atlantic%20Ocean%20from%20Pn%20arrivals%20beneath%2C%20and%20flanking%2C%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20and%20across%20several%20transform%20faults.%20We%20analyzed%20waveforms%20from%2050%20earthquakes%20with%20magnitude%20M-w%20%3E%203.5%2C%20recorded%20over%2012%20months%20in%202012-2013%20by%20five%20autonomous%20hydrophones%20and%20a%20broadband%20seismograph%20located%20on%20the%20St.%20Peter%20and%20St.%20Paul%20archipelago.%20The%20resulting%20catalog%20of%20152%20ray%20paths%20allows%20us%20to%20resolve%20spatial%20variations%20in%20upper-mantle%20velocities%2C%20which%20are%20consistent%20with%20estimates%20from%20nearby%20wide-angle%20seismic%20experiments.%20We%20find%20relatively%20high%20velocities%20near%20the%20St.%20Paul%20transform%20system%20%28similar%20to%208.4%20km%20s%28-1%29%29%2C%20compared%20with%20lower%20ridge-parallel%20velocities%20%28similar%20to%207.7%20km%20s%28-1%29%29.%20Hence%2C%20this%20method%20is%20able%20to%20resolve%20ridge-transform%20scale%20velocity%20variations.%20Ray%20paths%20in%20the%20lithosphere%20younger%20than%2010%20Ma%20have%20mean%20velocities%20of%207.9%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.5%20km%20s%28-1%29%2C%20which%20is%20slightly%20lower%20than%20those%20sampled%20in%20the%20lithosphere%20older%20than%2020%20Ma%20%288.1%20km%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.3%20s%28-1%29%29.%20There%20is%20no%20apparent%20systematic%20relationship%20between%20velocity%20and%20ray%20azimuth%2C%20which%20could%20be%20due%20to%20a%20thickened%20lithosphere%20or%20complex%20mantle%20upwelling%2C%20although%20uncertainties%20in%20our%20velocity%20estimates%20may%20obscure%20such%20patterns.%20We%20also%20do%20not%20find%20any%20correlation%20between%20Pn%20velocity%20and%20shear-wave%20speeds%20from%20the%20global%20SL2013sv%20model%20at%20depths%20%3C%20150%20km.%20Our%20results%20demonstrate%20that%20data%20from%20long-term%20deployments%20of%20autonomous%20hydrophones%20can%20be%20used%20to%20obtain%20rare%20and%20insightful%20estimates%20of%20uppermost%20mantle%20velocities%20over%20hundreds%20of%20kilometers%20in%20otherwise%20inaccessible%20parts%20of%20the%20deep%20oceans.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1785%5C%2F0120200248%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220037-1106%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L8WRMTZB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Sohn%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Peirce%2C%20C.%2C%20Reston%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20MacLeod%2C%20C.%20J.%2C%20Searle%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Simao%2C%20N.%20M.%20%282021%29.%20Seismicity%20trends%20and%20detachment%20fault%20structure%20at%2013%20degrees%20N%2C%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge.%20%3Ci%3EGeology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E49%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20320%26%23x2013%3B324.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2Fg48420.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2Fg48420.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seismicity%20trends%20and%20detachment%20fault%20structure%20at%2013%20degrees%20N%2C%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peirce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacLeod%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Searle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simao%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22At%20slow-spreading%20ridges%2C%20plate%20separation%20is%20commonly%20partly%20accommodated%20by%20slip%20on%20long-lived%20detachment%20faults%2C%20exposing%20upper%20mantle%20and%20lower%20crustal%20rocks%20on%20the%20seafloor.%20However%2C%20the%20mechanics%20of%20this%20process%2C%20the%20subsurface%20structure%2C%20and%20the%20interaction%20of%20these%20faults%20remain%20largely%20unknown.%20We%20report%20the%20results%20of%20a%20network%20of%2056%20ocean-bottom%20seismographs%20%28OBSs%29%2C%20deployed%20in%202016%20at%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2013%20degrees%20N%2C%20that%20provided%20dense%20spatial%20coverage%20of%20two%20adjacent%20detachment%20faults%20and%20the%20intervening%20ridge%20axis.%20Although%20both%20detachments%20exhibited%20high%20levels%20of%20seismicity%2C%20they%20are%20separated%20by%20an%20-8-km-wide%20aseismic%20zone%2C%20indicating%20that%20they%20are%20mechanically%20decoupled.%20A%20linear%20band%20of%20seismic%20activity%2C%20possibly%20indicating%20magmatism%2C%20crosscuts%20the%2013%20degrees%2030%27N%20domed%20detachment%20surface%2C%20confirming%20previous%20evidence%20for%20fault%20abandonment.%20Farther%20south%2C%20where%20the%202016%20OBS%20network%20spatially%20overlapped%20with%20a%20similar%20survey%20done%20in%202014%2C%20significant%20changes%20in%20the%20patterns%20of%20seismicity%20between%20these%20surveys%20are%20observed.%20These%20changes%20suggest%20that%20oceanic%20detachments%20undergo%20previously%20unobserved%20cycles%20of%20stress%20accumulation%20and%20release%20as%20plate%20spreading%20is%20accommodated.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1130%5C%2Fg48420.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220091-7613%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BQY342IT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Urann%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EUrann%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Dick%2C%20H.%20J.%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Casey%2C%20J.%20F.%20%282020%29.%20Recycled%20arc%20mantle%20recovered%20from%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Communications%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-020-17604-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41467-020-17604-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Recycled%20arc%20mantle%20recovered%20from%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Urann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casey%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Plate%20tectonics%20and%20mantle%20dynamics%20necessitate%20mantle%20recycling%20throughout%20Earth%27s%20history%2C%20yet%20direct%20geochemical%20evidence%20for%20mantle%20reprocessing%20remains%20elusive.%20Here%20we%20present%20evidence%20of%20recycled%20supra-subduction%20zone%20mantle%20wedge%20peridotite%20dredged%20from%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2016%20degrees%2030N.%20Peridotite%20trace-element%20characteristics%20are%20inconsistent%20with%20fractional%20anhydrous%20melting%20typically%20associated%20with%20a%20mid-ocean%20ridge%20setting.%20Instead%2C%20the%20samples%20are%20best%20explained%20by%20hydrous%20flux%20melting%20which%20changed%20the%20melting%20reactions%20such%20that%20clinopyroxene%20was%20not%20exhausted%20at%20high%20degrees%20of%20melting%20and%20was%20retained%20in%20the%20residuum.%20Based%20on%20along-axis%20ridge%20depth%20variations%2C%20this%20buoyant%20refractory%20arc%20mantle%20is%20likely%20compensated%20at%20depth%20by%20denser%2C%20likely%20garnet-rich%2C%20lithologies%20within%20the%20mantle%20column.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20highly%20refractory%20arc%20mantle%20relicts%20are%20entrained%20in%20the%20upper%20mantle%20and%20may%20constitute%20%3E60%25%20of%20the%20upper%20mantle%20by%20volume.%20These%20highly%20refractory%20mantle%20domains%2C%20which%20contribute%20little%20to%20mantle%20melting%2C%20are%20under-represented%20in%20compilations%20of%20mantle%20composition%20that%20rely%20on%20inverted%20basalt%20compositions%20alone.%20p%20id%3DPar%20Plate%20tectonics%20necessitates%20mantle%20recycling%20throughout%20Earth%27s%20history%2C%20yet%20direct%20geochemical%20evidence%20for%20mantle%20reprocessing%20remains%20elusive.%20Here%2C%20the%20authors%20present%20evidence%20of%20recycled%20supra-subduction%20zone%20mantle%20wedge%20peridotite%20dredged%20from%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2016%20degrees%2030%20%27%20N.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-020-17604-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224GZQSHB5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hoggard%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHoggard%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20White%2C%20N.%20%282020%29.%20Hotspots%20and%20mantle%20plumes%20revisited%3A%20Towards%20reconciling%20the%20mantle%20heat%20transfer%20discrepancy.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E542%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2020.116317%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2020.116317%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hotspots%20and%20mantle%20plumes%20revisited%3A%20Towards%20reconciling%20the%20mantle%20heat%20transfer%20discrepancy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoggard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mantle%20convection%20is%20the%20principal%20mechanism%20by%20which%20heat%20is%20transferred%20from%20the%20deep%20Earth%20to%20the%20surface.%20Cold%20subducting%20slabs%20sink%20into%20the%20mantle%20and%20steadily%20warm%2C%20whilst%20upwelling%20plumes%20carry%20heat%20to%20the%20base%20of%20lithospheric%20plates%20where%20it%20can%20subsequently%20escape%20by%20conduction.%20Accurate%20estimation%20of%20the%20total%20heat%20carried%20by%20these%20plumes%20is%20important%20for%20understanding%20geodynamic%20processes%20and%20Earth%27s%20thermal%20budget.%20Existing%20estimates%2C%20based%20upon%20swell%20geometries%20and%20velocities%20of%20overriding%20plates%2C%20yield%20a%20global%20heat%20flux%20of%20similar%20to%202TW%20and%20indicate%20that%20plumes%20play%20only%20a%20minor%20role%20in%20heat%20transfer.%20Here%2C%20we%20revisit%20the%20Icelandic%20and%20Hawaiian%20plumes%20to%20show%20that%20their%20individual%20flux%20estimates%20are%20likely%20to%20be%20incorrect%20due%20to%20the%20assumption%20that%20buoyancy%20is%20mainly%20produced%20within%20the%20lithosphere%20and%20therefore%20translates%20at%20plate%20velocities.%20We%20develop%20an%20alternative%20methodology%20that%20depends%20upon%20swell%20volume%2C%20is%20independent%20of%20plate%20velocities%2C%20and%20allows%20both%20for%20decay%20of%20buoyancy%20through%20time%20and%20for%20differential%20motion%20between%20asthenospheric%20buoyancy%20and%20the%20overlying%20plate.%20Reanalysis%20of%20the%20Icelandic%20and%20Hawaiian%20swells%20yields%20buoyancy%20fluxes%20of%204.0%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.5%20Mg%20s%28-1%29%20and%202.9%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.6%20Mg%20s%28-1%29%2C%20respectively.%20Both%20swells%20are%20used%20to%20calibrate%20a%20buoyancy%20decay%20timescale%20of%20similar%20to%2045%20Myr%20for%20the%20new%20volumetric%20approach%2C%20which%20enables%20buoyancy%20fluxes%20to%20be%20estimated%20for%20a%20global%20inventory%20of%2053%20swells.%20Estimates%20from%20magmatic%20hotspots%20yield%20a%20cumulative%20lower%20bound%20on%20global%20plume%20flux%20of%202TW%2C%20which%20increases%20to%206TW%20if%20amagmatic%20swells%20are%20also%20included%20and%20if%20all%20buoyancy%20is%20assumed%20to%20be%20thermal%20in%20origin.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20upwelling%20plumes%20play%20a%20significant%20role%20in%20the%20transfer%20of%20heat%20into%20the%20uppermost%20mantle.%20%28c%29%202020%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2020.116317%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PBRN4D9S%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Sim%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Olive%2C%20J.%20A.%20%282020%29.%20Time-Dependent%20Crustal%20Accretion%20on%20the%20Southeast%20Indian%20Ridge%20Revealed%20by%20Malaysia%20Airlines%20Flight%20MH370%20Search.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E47%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gl087349%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gl087349%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Time-Dependent%20Crustal%20Accretion%20on%20the%20Southeast%20Indian%20Ridge%20Revealed%20by%20Malaysia%20Airlines%20Flight%20MH370%20Search%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olive%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Our%20understanding%20of%20oceanic%20crustal%20formation%20is%20mostly%20limited%20to%20observations%20of%20young%20crust%20formed%20in%20the%20past%20several%20million%20years%2C%20due%20to%20the%20thick%20sediments%20on%20older%20crust%20and%20the%20remote%20location%20of%20many%20spreading%20centers.%20Here%20we%20use%2040%20m-resolution%20bathymetric%20data%20collected%20over%20hundreds%20of%20square%20kilometers%20during%20the%20search%20for%20Malaysia%20Airlines%20Flight%20370%20on%20the%20flank%20of%20the%20Southeast%20Indian%20Ridge%2C%20which%20provides%20a%20record%20of%20crustal%20accretion%20from%2011-23%20Ma.%20Spectra%20calculated%20from%20the%20data%20show%20a%20characteristic%20timescale%20of%20300-400%20kyr%20and%20no%20evidence%20for%20periodicity%20coinciding%20with%20glacial%20cycles.%20This%20characteristic%20timescale%20could%20be%20explained%20by%20fluctuations%20in%20melt%20supply%20and%20the%20amount%20of%20faulting%2C%20leading%20to%20variations%20in%20crustal%20thickness.%20We%20show%20that%20this%20timescale%20of%20variation%20is%20consistent%20with%20porosity%20waves%20observed%20in%20a%20two-phase%20flow%20model%2C%20which%20persist%20over%20millions%20of%20years.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20A%2012-million-year-long%20record%20of%20crustal%20formation%20is%20contained%20within%20the%20seafloor%20mapping%20data%20collected%20during%20the%20search%20for%20Malaysia%20Airlines%20Flight%20370%2C%20at%20a%20resolution%20that%20is%2015%20times%20higher%20than%20previous%20maps.%20These%20data%20illuminate%20the%20structure%20of%20a%20vast%20area%20of%20crust%20formed%20on%20the%20Southeast%20Indian%20Ridge%20and%20show%20that%20crustal%20production%2C%20rather%20than%20being%20a%20constant%20process%2C%20has%20varied%20in%20cycles%20that%20last%20hundreds%20of%20thousands%20of%20years.%20This%20pattern%20can%20be%20explained%20by%20the%20varying%20amount%20of%20molten%20rock%20that%20rises%20from%20deep%20in%20Earth%27s%20mantle%2C%20arriving%20in%20episodic%20waves.%20This%20behavior%20could%20be%20a%20general%20feature%20of%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20spreading%20at%20similar%20rates%2C%20which%20has%20not%20been%20previously%20recognized%20due%20to%20a%20lack%20of%20available%20data.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020gl087349%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X2SUBG5Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Smith%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESmith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Schouten%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Klein%2C%20E.%20M.%2C%20Cann%2C%20J.%2C%20Dunham%2C%20C.%2C%20Alodia%2C%20G.%2C%20Blasco%2C%20I.%2C%20Wernette%2C%20B.%2C%20Zawadzki%2C%20D.%2C%20Latypova%2C%20E.%2C%20Afshar%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Curry%2C%20S.%20%282020%29.%20The%20evolution%20of%20seafloor%20spreading%20behind%20the%20tip%20of%20the%20westward%20propagating%20Cocos-Nazca%20spreading%20center.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gc008957%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020gc008957%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20evolution%20of%20seafloor%20spreading%20behind%20the%20tip%20of%20the%20westward%20propagating%20Cocos-Nazca%20spreading%20center%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schouten%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alodia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Blasco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wernette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zawadzki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Latypova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Afshar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Curry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22At%20the%20Galapagos%20triple%20junction%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Pacific%20Ocean%2C%20the%20Cocos-Nazca%20spreading%20center%20does%20not%20meet%20the%20East%20Pacific%20Rise%20%28EPR%29%20but%2C%20instead%2C%20rifts%20into%200.4%20Myr-old%20lithosphere%20on%20the%20EPR%20flank.%20Westward%20propagation%20of%20Cocos-Nazca%20spreading%20forms%20the%20V-shaped%20Galapagos%20gore.%20Since%20similar%20to%201.4%20Ma%2C%20opening%20at%20the%20active%20gore%20tip%20has%20been%20within%20the%20Cocos-Galapagos%20microplate%20spreading%20regime.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20bathymetry%2C%20magnetic%2C%20and%20gravity%20data%20collected%20over%20the%20first%20400%20km%20east%20of%20the%20gore%20tip%20are%20used%20to%20examine%20rifting%20of%20young%20lithosphere%20and%20transition%20to%20magmatic%20spreading%20segments.%20From%20inception%2C%20the%20axis%20shows%20structural%20segmentation%20consisting%20of%20rifted%20basins%20whose%20bounding%20faults%20eventually%20mark%20the%20gore%20edges.%20Rifting%20progresses%20to%20magmatic%20spreading%20over%20the%20first%20three%20segments%20%28s1-s3%29%2C%20which%20open%20between%20Cocos-Galapagos%20microplate%20at%20the%20presently%20slow%20rates%20of%20similar%20to%2019-29%20mm%5C%2Fyear.%20Segments%20s4-s9%20originated%20in%20the%20faster-spreading%20%28similar%20to%2048%20mm%5C%2Fyear%29%20Cocos-Nazca%20regime%2C%20and%20well-defined%20magnetic%20anomalies%20and%20abyssal%20hill%20fabric%20close%20to%20the%20gore%20edges%20show%20the%20transition%20to%20full%20magmatic%20spreading%20was%20more%20rapid%20than%20at%20present%20time.%20Magnetic%20lineations%20show%20a%2020%25%20increase%20in%20the%20Cocos-Nazca%20spreading%20rate%20after%201.1%20Ma.%20The%20near-axis%20Mantle%20Bouguer%20gravity%20anomaly%20decreases%20eastward%20and%20becomes%20more%20circular%2C%20suggesting%20mantle%20upwelling%2C%20increasing%20temperatures%2C%20and%20perhaps%20progression%20to%20a%20developed%20melt%20supply%20beneath%20segments.%20Westward%20propagation%20of%20individual%20Cocos-Nazca%20segments%20is%20common%20with%20rates%20ranging%20between%2012%20and%2054%20mm%5C%2Fyear.%20Segment%20lengths%20and%20lateral%20offsets%20between%20segments%20increase%2C%20in%20general%2C%20with%20distance%20from%20the%20tip%20of%20the%20gore.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20A%20fundamental%20question%20in%20the%20study%20of%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20is%20how%20spreading%20centers%20initiate%20and%20change%20through%20time.%20At%20the%20Galapagos%20triple%20junction%20in%20the%20equatorial%20Pacific%2C%20the%20oceanic%20crust%20is%20being%20broken%20apart%20to%20form%20rift%20basins%2C%20which%20develop%20into%20individual%20mid-ocean%20ridge%20spreading%20segments.%20Bathymetry%2C%20magnetic%2C%20and%20gravity%20data%20were%20collected%20to%20help%20understand%20the%20stages%20in%20the%20transition%20from%20rift%20basins%20to%20a%20magmatic%20seafloor%20spreading%20center.%20From%20inception%2C%20the%20developing%20spreading%20center%20is%20composed%20of%20individual%20segments%20that%20are%20offset%20from%20each%20other.%20Currently%2C%20rifting%20progresses%20to%20magmatic%20spreading%20over%20three%20segments%2C%20which%20opened%20at%20slow%20spreading%20rates.%20Older%20spreading%20segments%20originated%20at%20faster-spreading%20rates.%20Data%20indicate%20that%20the%20change%20from%20rifting%20to%20full%20magmatic%20spreading%20was%20more%20rapid%20in%20these%20older%20segments.%20Near%20the%20spreading%20axis%2C%20gravity%20data%20show%20that%20temperatures%20increase%20beneath%20segments%20as%20they%20mature%2C%20suggesting%20that%20magma%20supply%20is%20developing%20beneath%20the%20segments.%20Propagation%20of%20the%20western%20ends%20of%20segments%20is%20common.%20Understanding%20how%20seafloor%20spreading%20initiates%20and%20forms%20a%20segmented%20mid-ocean%20ridge%20provides%20information%20on%20how%20mantle%20melting%20is%20established%20beneath%20a%20rift%20zone%20and%20how%20tectonic%20plate%20boundaries%20evolve.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020gc008957%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B53YYIDS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Olive%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EOlive%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Escartin%2C%20J.%2C%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Petersen%2C%20S.%20%282019%29.%20Controls%20on%20the%20seafloor%20exposure%20of%20detachment%20fault%20surfaces.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E506%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20381%26%23x2013%3B387.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2018.11.001%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2018.11.001%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Controls%20on%20the%20seafloor%20exposure%20of%20detachment%20fault%20surfaces%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olive%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Escartin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petersen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22While%20oceanic%20detachment%20faults%20have%20been%20proposed%20to%20account%20for%20the%20accretion%20of%20similar%20to%2040%25%20of%20new%20seafloor%20in%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20ocean%2C%20clear%20exposures%20of%20large-offset%2C%20often-corrugated%20fault%20surfaces%20remain%20scarce%20and%20spatially%20limited.%20To%20help%20resolve%20this%20paradox%2C%20we%20examine%20the%20conditions%20under%20which%20detachment%20fault%20growth%20may%20or%20may%20not%20lead%20to%20extensive%20exposure%20of%20corrugated%20fault%20planes%20at%20the%20seafloor.%20Using%20high-resolution%20bathymetry%20from%20four%20detachment%20faults%20at%20the%20northern%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%2C%20we%20investigate%20the%20rafting%20of%20hanging%20wall-derived%20debris%20over%20emerging%20fault%20scarps%2C%20which%20can%20lead%20to%20covering%20shallow-dipping%20corrugated%20fault%20surfaces.%20We%20model%20this%20process%20using%20critical%20taper%20theory%2C%20and%20infer%20low%20effective%20friction%20coefficients%20%28similar%20to%200.2%29%20on%20the%20shallowest%20portion%20of%20detachment%20faults.%20A%20corollary%20to%20this%20result%20is%20that%20detachments%20emerging%20from%20the%20seafloor%20at%20angles%20%3C13%20degrees%20are%20more%20likely%20to%20become%20blanketed%20under%20an%20apron%20of%20hanging%20wall%20material.%20We%20generalize%20these%20findings%20as%20a%20simple%20model%20for%20the%20progressive%20exposure%20and%20flexural%20rotation%20of%20detachment%20footwalls%2C%20which%20accounts%20for%20the%20continued%20action%20of%20seafloor-shaping%20processes.%20Our%20model%20suggests%20that%20many%20moderate-offset%2C%20hidden%20detachment%20faults%20may%20exist%20along%20slow%20mid-ocean%20ridges%2C%20and%20do%20not%20feature%20an%20exposed%20fault%20surface.%20%28C%29%202018%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2018.11.001%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JPXPHQFV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Escartin%2C%20J.%2C%20Olive%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Petersen%2C%20S.%20%282018%29.%20Genesis%20of%20corrugated%20fault%20surfaces%20by%20strain%20localization%20recorded%20at%20oceanic%20detachments.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E498%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20116%26%23x2013%3B128.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2018.06.034%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2018.06.034%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Genesis%20of%20corrugated%20fault%20surfaces%20by%20strain%20localization%20recorded%20at%20oceanic%20detachments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Escartin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olive%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petersen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seafloor%20spreading%20at%20slow%20and%20ultraslow%20rates%20is%20often%20taken%20up%20by%20extension%20on%20large-offset%20faults%20called%20detachments%2C%20which%20exhume%20lower%20crustal%20and%20mantle%20rocks%2C%20and%20in%20some%20cases%20make%20up%20domed%20oceanic%20core%20complexes.%20The%20exposed%20footwall%20may%20reveal%20a%20characteristic%20pattern%20of%20spreading-parallel%20corrugations%2C%20the%20largest%20of%20which%20are%20clearly%20visible%20in%20multibeam%20bathymetric%20data%2C%20and%20whose%20nature%20and%20origin%20have%20been%20the%20subject%20of%20controversy.%20In%20order%20to%20tackle%20this%20debate%2C%20we%20use%20available%20near%20bottom%20bathymetric%20surveys%20recently%20acquired%20with%20autonomous%20deep-sea%20vehicles%20over%20five%20corrugated%20detachments%20along%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge.%20With%20a%20spatial%20resolution%20of%202%20m%2C%20these%20data%20allow%20us%20to%20compare%20the%20geometry%20of%20corrugations%20on%20oceanic%20detachments%20that%20are%20characterized%20by%20differing%20fault%20zone%20lithologies%2C%20and%20accommodate%20varying%20amounts%20of%20slip.%20The%20fault%20surfaces%20host%20corrugations%20with%20wavelengths%20of%2010-250%20m%2C%20while%20individual%20corrugations%20are%20finite%20in%20length%2C%20typically%20100-500%20m.%20Power%20spectra%20of%20profiles%20calculated%20across%20the%20corrugated%20fault%20surfaces%20reveal%20a%20common%20level%20of%20roughness%2C%20and%20indicate%20that%20the%20fault%20surfaces%20are%20not%20fractal.%20Since%20systematic%20variation%20in%20roughness%20with%20fault%20offset%20is%20not%20evident%2C%20we%20propose%20that%20portions%20of%20the%20exposed%20footwalls%20analyzed%20here%20record%20constant%20brittle%20strain.%20We%20assess%20three%20competing%20hypotheses%20for%20corrugation%20formation%20and%20find%20that%20the%20continuous%20casting%20and%20varying%20depth%20to%20brittle-ductile%20transition%20models%20cannot%20explain%20the%20observed%20corrugation%20geometry%20nor%20available%20geological%20observations.%20We%20suggest%20a%20model%20involving%20brittle%20strain%20localization%20on%20a%20network%20of%20linked%20fractures%20within%20a%20zone%20of%20finite%20thickness%20is%20a%20better%20explanation%20for%20the%20observations.%20This%20model%20explains%20corrugations%20on%20oceanic%20detachment%20faults%20exposed%20at%20the%20seafloor%20and%20on%20normal%20faults%20in%20the%20continents%2C%20and%20is%20consistent%20with%20recently%20imaged%20corrugations%20on%20a%20subduction%20zone%20megathrust.%20Hence%20fracture%20linkage%20and%20coalescence%20may%20give%20rise%20to%20corrugated%20fault%20zones%2C%20regardless%20of%20earlier%20deformation%20history%20and%20tectonic%20setting.%20%28C%29%202018%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202018%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2018.06.034%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2292HWWJWQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20Mittelstaedt%2C%20E.%2C%20Kurz%2C%20M.%20D.%2C%20Jones%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20Soule%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Klein%2C%20F.%2C%20Wanless%2C%20V.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Fornari%2C%20D.%20J.%20%282018%29.%20The%20final%20stages%20of%20slip%20and%20volcanism%20on%20an%20oceanic%20detachment%20fault%20at%2013%26%23xB0%3B48%26%23x2032%3BN%2C%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%2C%20Geophysics%2C%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018GC007536%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018GC007536%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20final%20stages%20of%20slip%20and%20volcanism%20on%20an%20oceanic%20detachment%20fault%20at%2013%5Cu00b048%5Cu2032N%2C%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mittelstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soule%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wanless%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fornari%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22While%20processes%20associated%20with%20initiation%20and%20maintenance%20of%20oceanic%20detachment%20faults%20are%20becoming%20better%20constrained%2C%20much%20less%20is%20known%20about%20the%20tectonic%20and%20magmatic%20conditions%20that%20lead%20to%20fault%20abandonment.%20Here%20we%20present%20results%20from%20near-bottom%20investigations%20using%20the%20submersible%20Alvin%20and%20autonomous%20underwater%20vehicle%20Sentry%20at%20a%20recently%20extinct%20detachment%20fault%20near%2013%5Cu00b048%5Cu2032N%2C%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%2C%20that%20allow%20documentation%20of%20the%20final%20stages%20of%20fault%20activity%20and%20magmatism.%20Seafloor%20imagery%2C%20sampling%2C%20and%20near-bottom%20magnetic%20data%20show%20that%20the%20detachment%20footwall%20is%20intersected%20by%20an%20~850%20m-wide%20volcanic%20outcrop%20including%20pillow%20lavas.%20Saturation%20pressures%20in%20these%20vesicular%20basalts%2C%20based%20on%20dissolved%20H2O%20and%20CO2%2C%20are%20less%20than%20their%20collection%20pressures%2C%20which%20could%20be%20explained%20by%20eruption%20at%20a%20shallower%20level%20than%20their%20present%20depth.%20Sub-bottom%20profiles%20reveal%20that%20sediment%20thickness%2C%20a%20loose%20proxy%20for%20seafloor%20age%2C%20is%20~2%5Cu00a0m%20greater%20on%20top%20of%20the%20volcanic%20terrain%20than%20on%20the%20footwall%20adjacent%20to%20the%20hanging-wall%20cutoff.%20This%20difference%20could%20be%20explained%20by%20current-driven%20erosion%20in%20the%20axial%20valley%20or%20by%20continued%20slip%20after%20volcanic%20emplacement%2C%20on%20either%20a%20newly%20formed%20or%20pre-existing%20fault.%20Since%20current%20speeds%20near%20the%20footwall%20are%20unlikely%20to%20be%20sufficient%20to%20cause%20significant%20erosion%2C%20we%20favor%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20detachment%20slip%20continued%20after%20the%20episode%20of%20magmatism%2C%20consistent%20with%20growing%20evidence%20that%20oceanic%20detachments%20can%20continue%20to%20slip%20despite%20hosting%20magmatic%20intrusions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018GC007536%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229YVYE4QE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Craig%20and%20Parnell-Turner%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECraig%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20%282017%29.%20Depth-varying%20seismogenesis%20on%20an%20oceanic%20detachment%20fault%20at%2013%20degrees%2020%20%26%23x2019%3B%20N%20on%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E479%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2060%26%23x2013%3B70.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2017.09.020%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2017.09.020%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Depth-varying%20seismogenesis%20on%20an%20oceanic%20detachment%20fault%20at%2013%20degrees%2020%20%27%20N%20on%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Craig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Extension%20at%20slow-%20and%20intermediate-spreading%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20is%20commonly%20accommodated%20through%20slip%20on%20long-lived%20faults%20called%20oceanic%20detachments.%20These%20curved%2C%20convex-upward%20faults%20consist%20of%20a%20steeply-dipping%20section%20thought%20to%20be%20rooted%20in%20the%20lower%20crust%20or%20upper%20mantle%20which%20rotates%20to%20progressively%20shallower%20dip-angles%20at%20shallower%20depths.%20The%20commonly-observed%20result%20is%20a%20domed%2C%20sub%20horizontal%20oceanic%20core%20complex%20at%20the%20seabed.%20Although%20it%20is%20accepted%20that%20detachment%20faults%20can%20accumulate%20kilometre-scale%20offsets%20over%20millions%20of%20years%2C%20the%20mechanism%20of%20slip%2C%20and%20their%20capacity%20to%20sustain%20the%20shear%20stresses%20necessary%20to%20produce%20large%20earthquakes%2C%20remains%20subject%20to%20debate.%20Here%20we%20present%20a%20comprehensive%20seismological%20study%20of%20an%20active%20oceanic%20detachment%20fault%20system%20on%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2013%20degrees%2020%27N%2C%20combining%20the%20results%20from%20a%20local%20ocean-bottom%20seismograph%20deployment%20with%20waveform%20inversion%20of%20a%20series%20of%20larger%20teleseismically-observed%20earthquakes.%20The%20unique%20coincidence%20of%20these%20two%20datasets%20provides%20a%20comprehensive%20definition%20of%20rupture%20on%20the%20fault%2C%20from%20the%20uppermost%20mantle%20to%20the%20seabed.%20Our%20results%20demonstrate%20that%20although%20slip%20on%20the%20deep%2C%20steeply-dipping%20portion%20of%20detachment%20faults%20is%20accommodated%20by%20failure%20in%20numerous%20microearthquakes%2C%20the%20shallow%2C%20gently-dipping%20section%20of%20the%20fault%20within%20the%20upper%20few%20kilometres%20is%20relatively%20strong%2C%20and%20is%20capable%20of%20producing%20large-magnitude%20earthquakes.%20This%20result%20brings%20into%20question%20the%20current%20paradigm%20that%20the%20shallow%20sections%20of%20oceanic%20detachment%20faults%20are%20dominated%20by%20low-friction%20mineralogies%20and%20therefore%20slip%20aseismically%2C%20but%20is%20consistent%20with%20observations%20from%20continental%20detachment%20faults.%20Slip%20on%20the%20shallow%20portion%20of%20active%20detachment%20faults%20at%20relatively%20low%20angles%20may%20therefore%20account%20for%20many%20more%20large-magnitude%20earthquakes%20at%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20than%20previously%20thought%2C%20and%20suggests%20that%20the%20lithospheric%20strength%20at%20slow-spreading%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20may%20be%20concentrated%20at%20shallow%20depths.%20%28C%29%202017%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2017.09.020%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821x%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QS2THQVT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20White%2C%20N.%2C%20Henstock%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Jones%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Maclennan%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Murton%2C%20B.%20J.%20%282017%29.%20Causes%20and%20consequences%20of%20diachronous%20V-shaped%20ridges%20in%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E122%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%208675%26%23x2013%3B8708.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2017jb014225%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2017jb014225%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Causes%20and%20consequences%20of%20diachronous%20V-shaped%20ridges%20in%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maclennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%2C%20the%20geometry%20of%20diachronous%20V-shaped%20features%20that%20straddle%20the%20Reykjanes%20Ridge%20is%20often%20attributed%20to%20thermal%20pulses%20which%20advect%20away%20from%20the%20center%20of%20the%20Iceland%20plume.%20Recently%2C%20two%20alternative%20hypotheses%20have%20been%20proposed%3A%20rift%20propagation%20and%20buoyant%20mantle%20upwelling.%20Here%20we%20evaluate%20these%20different%20proposals%20using%20basin-wide%20geophysical%20and%20geochemical%20observations.%20The%20centerpiece%20of%20our%20analysis%20is%20a%20pair%20of%20seismic%20reflection%20profiles%20oriented%20parallel%20to%20flow%20lines%20that%20span%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20V-shaped%20ridges%20and%20troughs%20are%20mapped%20on%20both%20Neogene%20and%20Paleogene%20oceanic%20crust%2C%20enabling%20a%20detailed%20chronology%20of%20activity%20to%20be%20established%20for%20the%20last%2050%20million%20years.%20Estimates%20of%20the%20cumulative%20horizontal%20displacement%20across%20normal%20faults%20help%20to%20discriminate%20between%20brittle%20and%20magmatic%20modes%20of%20plate%20separation%2C%20suggesting%20that%20crustal%20architecture%20is%20sensitive%20to%20the%20changing%20planform%20of%20the%20plume.%20Water-loaded%20residual%20depth%20measurements%20are%20used%20to%20estimate%20crustal%20thickness%20and%20to%20infer%20mantle%20potential%20temperature%20which%20varies%20by%2025%20degrees%20C%20on%20timescales%20of%203-8Ma.%20This%20variation%20is%20consistent%20with%20the%20range%20of%20temperatures%20inferred%20from%20geochemical%20modeling%20of%20dredged%20basaltic%20rocks%20along%20the%20ridge%20axis%20itself%2C%20from%20changes%20in%20Neogene%20deep-water%20circulation%2C%20and%20from%20the%20regional%20record%20of%20episodic%20Cenozoic%20magmatism.%20We%20conclude%20that%20radial%20propagation%20of%20transient%20thermal%20anomalies%20within%20an%20asthenospheric%20channel%20that%20is%20150%2050km%20thick%20best%20accounts%20for%20the%20available%20geophysical%20and%20geochemical%20observations.%5CnPlain%20Language%20Summary%20In%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%2C%20immense%20amounts%20of%20hot%20material%20rises%20up%20beneath%20Iceland%20from%20deep%20within%20Earth%27s%20mantle%2C%20forming%20a%20gigantic%20pancake-shaped%20upwelling.%20This%20upwelling%2C%20known%20as%20the%20Iceland%20mantle%20plume%2C%20is%20the%20largest%20on%20Earth%20and%20plays%20a%20key%20role%20in%20determining%20the%20depth%20and%20shape%20of%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%20over%20thousands%20of%20kilometers.%20A%20pattern%20of%20distinctive%20V-shaped%20ridges%20and%20troughs%20that%20are%20hundreds%20of%20kilometers%20long%20and%20tens%20of%20kilometers%20wide%20occur%20on%20the%20seabed%20south%20of%20Iceland.%20These%20V-shaped%20ridges%20are%20thought%20to%20have%20been%20generated%20by%20waxing%20and%20waning%20of%20the%20plume%2C%20but%20their%20precise%20origin%20is%20hotly%20debated.%20Here%20we%20use%20an%20acoustic%20%28i.e.%2C%20seismic%29%20survey%2C%20spanning%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%20to%20image%20these%20features.%20We%20assess%20competing%20hypotheses%20for%20their%20formation%20and%20argue%20that%20they%20are%20indeed%20an%20indirect%20record%20of%20plume%20activity%20through%20time.%20Pulses%20of%20hot%20material%20appear%20to%20be%20generated%20every%203%20to%208Ma.%20As%20they%20spread%20beneath%20adjacent%20tectonic%20plates%2C%20these%20pulses%20cause%20vertical%20movements%20that%20trigger%20changes%20in%20ancient%20oceanic%20circulation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2017jb014225%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2254DA7FI2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Sohn%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Peirce%2C%20C.%2C%20Reston%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20MacLeod%2C%20C.%20J.%2C%20Searle%2C%20R.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Simao%2C%20N.%20M.%20%282017%29.%20Oceanic%20detachment%20faults%20generate%20compression%20in%20extension.%20%3Ci%3EGeology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E45%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%20923%26%23x2013%3B926.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2FG39232.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1130%5C%2FG39232.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Oceanic%20detachment%20faults%20generate%20compression%20in%20extension%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peirce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacLeod%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Searle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simao%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20extensional%20geologic%20systems%20such%20as%20mid-ocean%20ridges%2C%20deformation%20is%20typically%20accommodated%20by%20slip%20on%20normal%20faults%2C%20where%20material%20is%20pulled%20apart%20under%20tension%20and%20stress%20is%20released%20by%20rupture%20during%20earthquakes%20and%20magmatic%20accretion.%20However%2C%20at%20slowly%20spreading%20mid-ocean%20ridges%20where%20the%20tectonic%20plates%20move%20apart%20at%20rates%20%3C80%20km%20m.y.%28-1%29%2C%20these%20normal%20faults%20may%20roll%20over%20to%20form%20long-lived%2C%20low-angled%20detachments%20that%20exhume%20mantle%20rocks%20and%20form%20corrugated%20domes%20on%20the%20seabed.%20Here%20we%20present%20the%20results%20of%20a%20local%20micro-earthquake%20study%20over%20an%20active%20detachment%20at%2013%20degrees%2020%27N%20on%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20to%20show%20that%20these%20features%20can%20give%20rise%20to%20reverse-faulting%20earthquakes%20in%20response%20to%20plate%20bending.%20During%20a%206%20month%20survey%20period%2C%20we%20observed%20a%20remarkably%20high%20rate%20of%20seismic%20activity%2C%20with%20%3E244%2C000%20events%20detected%20along%2025%20km%20of%20the%20ridge%20axis%2C%20to%20depths%20of%20similar%20to%2010%20km%20below%20seafloor.%20Surprisingly%2C%20the%20majority%20of%20these%20were%20reverse-faulting%20events.%20Restricted%20to%20depths%20of%203-7%20km%20below%20seafloor%2C%20these%20reverse%20events%20delineate%20a%20band%20of%20intense%20compressional%20seismicity%20located%20adjacent%20to%20a%20zone%20of%20deeper%20extensional%20events.%20This%20deformation%20pattern%20is%20consistent%20with%20flexural%20models%20of%20plate%20bending%20during%20lithospheric%20accretion.%20Our%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20lower%20portion%20of%20the%20detachment%20footwall%20experiences%20compressive%20stresses%20and%20deforms%20internally%20as%20the%20fault%20rolls%20over%20to%20low%20angles%20before%20emerging%20at%20the%20seafloor.%20These%20compressive%20stresses%20trigger%20reverse%20faulting%20even%20though%20the%20detachment%20itself%20is%20an%20extensional%20system.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1130%5C%2FG39232.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220091-7613%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GLCVHTHP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Schouten%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%20%282016%29.%20Tectonic%20structure%20of%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2016%20degrees%2030%20%26%23x2019%3B%20N.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%203993%26%23x2013%3B4010.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2016gc006514%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2016gc006514%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tectonic%20structure%20of%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2016%20degrees%2030%20%27%20N%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schouten%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%2016%20degrees%2030%27N%20area%20of%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20represents%20an%20area%20of%20present-day%20detachment%20faulting.%20Here%20we%20present%20shipboard%20bathymetric%2C%20magnetic%20and%20gravity%20data%20acquired%20up%20to%2065%20km%20from%20the%20ridge%20axis%20that%20reveal%20a%20varied%20tectonic%20history%20of%20this%20region.%20Magnetic%20data%20are%20used%20to%20calculate%20spreading%20rates%20and%20examine%20spreading%20rate%20variability%20along%20and%20across%20the%20axis.%20Bathymetric%20and%20gravity%20data%20are%20used%20to%20infer%20the%20crustal%20structure.%20A%20central%20magnetic%20anomaly%2040%25%20narrower%20than%20expected%20is%20observed%20along%20much%20of%20the%20study%20area.%20Misalignment%20between%20modern-day%20spreading%20center%20and%20magnetic%20anomalies%20indicates%20tectonic%20reorganization%20of%20the%20axis%20within%20the%20past%20780%20ka.%20Observed%20magnetic%20anomalies%20show%20a%20pattern%20of%20anomalous%20skewness%20consistent%20with%20rotation%20of%20magnetic%20vectors%20probably%20associated%20with%20detachment%20faulting.%20Relatively%20thin%20crust%20north%20of%20a%20small%20%28similar%20to%207%20km%29%20nontransform%20offset%20coincides%20with%20a%20weakly%20magmatic%20spreading%20axis.%20In%20contrast%2C%20to%20the%20south%20a%20robust%20axial%20volcanic%20ridge%20is%20underlain%20by%20thicker%20crust.%20Variations%20in%20crustal%20structure%20perpendicular%20to%20the%20axis%20occur%20over%20tens%20of%20kilometers%2C%20indicating%20processes%20which%20occur%20over%20timescales%20of%201-2%20Ma.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2016gc006514%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K3MJAGFW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20White%2C%20N.%20J.%2C%20McCave%2C%20I.%20N.%2C%20Henstock%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Murton%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jones%2C%20S.%20M.%20%282016%29.%20Architecture%20of%20North%20Atlantic%20contourite%20drifts%20modified%20by%20transient%20circulation%20of%20the%20Icelandic%20mantle%20plume.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E16%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%203414%26%23x2013%3B3435.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2015gc005947%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2015gc005947%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Architecture%20of%20North%20Atlantic%20contourite%20drifts%20modified%20by%20transient%20circulation%20of%20the%20Icelandic%20mantle%20plume%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCave%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Overflow%20of%20Northern%20Component%20Water%2C%20the%20precursor%20of%20North%20Atlantic%20Deep%20Water%2C%20appears%20to%20have%20varied%20during%20Neogene%20times.%20It%20has%20been%20suggested%20that%20this%20variation%20is%20moderated%20by%20transient%20behavior%20of%20the%20Icelandic%20mantle%20plume%2C%20which%20has%20influenced%20North%20Atlantic%20bathymetry%20through%20time.%20Thus%20pathways%20and%20intensities%20of%20bottom%20currents%20that%20control%20deposition%20of%20contourite%20drifts%20could%20be%20affected%20by%20mantle%20processes.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20regional%20seismic%20reflection%20profiles%20that%20cross%20sedimentary%20accumulations%20%28Bjorn%2C%20Gardar%2C%20Eirik%2C%20and%20Hatton%20Drifts%29.%20Prominent%20reflections%20were%20mapped%20and%20calibrated%20using%20a%20combination%20of%20boreholes%20and%20legacy%20seismic%20profiles.%20Interpreted%20seismic%20profiles%20were%20used%20to%20reconstruct%20solid%20sedimentation%20rates.%20Bjorn%20Drift%20began%20to%20accumulate%20in%20late%20Miocene%20times.%20Its%20average%20sedimentation%20rate%20decreased%20at%20approximate%20to%202.5%20Ma%20and%20increased%20again%20at%20approximate%20to%200.75%20Ma.%20In%20contrast%2C%20Eirik%20Drift%20started%20to%20accumulate%20in%20early%20Miocene%20times.%20Its%20average%20sedimentation%20rate%20increased%20at%20approximate%20to%205.5%20Ma%20and%20decreased%20at%20approximate%20to%202.2%20Ma.%20In%20both%20cases%2C%20there%20is%20a%20good%20correlation%20between%20sedimentation%20rates%2C%20inferred%20Northern%20Component%20Water%20overflow%2C%20and%20the%20variation%20of%20Icelandic%20plume%20temperature%20independently%20obtained%20from%20the%20geometry%20of%20diachronous%20V-shaped%20ridges.%20Between%205.5%20and%202.5%20Ma%2C%20the%20plume%20cooled%2C%20which%20probably%20caused%20subsidence%20of%20the%20Greenland-Iceland-Scotland%20Ridge%2C%20allowing%20drift%20accumulation%20to%20increase.%20When%20the%20plume%20became%20hotter%20at%202.5%20Ma%2C%20drift%20accumulation%20rate%20fell.%20We%20infer%20that%20deep-water%20current%20strength%20is%20modulated%20by%20fluctuating%20dynamic%20support%20of%20the%20Greenland-Scotland%20Ridge.%20Our%20results%20highlight%20the%20potential%20link%20between%20mantle%20convective%20processes%20and%20ocean%20circulation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2015gc005947%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PT8CRYRE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Smith%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESmith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Schouten%2C%20H.%2C%20Dick%2C%20H.%20J.%20B.%2C%20Cann%2C%20J.%20R.%2C%20Salters%2C%20V.%2C%20Marschall%2C%20H.%20R.%2C%20Ji%2C%20F.%20W.%2C%20Yoerger%2C%20D.%2C%20Sanfilippo%2C%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Palmiotto%2C%20C.%2C%20Zheleznov%2C%20A.%2C%20Bai%2C%20H.%20L.%2C%20Junkin%2C%20W.%2C%20Urann%2C%20B.%2C%20Dick%2C%20S.%2C%20Sulanowska%2C%20M.%2C%20Lemmond%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Curry%2C%20S.%20%282014%29.%20Development%20and%20evolution%20of%20detachment%20faulting%20along%2050%20km%20of%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2016.5%20degrees%20N.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%204692%26%23x2013%3B4711.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2014gc005563%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2014gc005563%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Development%20and%20evolution%20of%20detachment%20faulting%20along%2050%20km%20of%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20near%2016.5%20degrees%20N%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schouten%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20J.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marschall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoerger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanfilippo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palmiotto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheleznov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Junkin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Urann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sulanowska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lemmond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Curry%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20multifaceted%20study%20of%20the%20slow%20spreading%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20%28MAR%29%20at%2016.5%20degrees%20N%20provides%20new%20insights%20into%20detachment%20faulting%20and%20its%20evolution%20through%20time.%20The%20survey%20included%20regional%20multibeam%20bathymetry%20mapping%2C%20high-resolution%20mapping%20using%20AUV%20Sentry%2C%20seafloor%20imaging%20using%20the%20TowCam%20system%2C%20and%20an%20extensive%20rock-dredging%20program.%20At%20different%20times%2C%20detachment%20faulting%20was%20active%20along%20approximate%20to%2050%20km%20of%20the%20western%20flank%20of%20the%20study%20area%2C%20and%20may%20have%20dominated%20spreading%20on%20that%20flank%20for%20the%20last%205%20Ma.%20Detachment%20morphologies%20vary%20and%20include%20a%20classic%20corrugated%20massif%2C%20noncorrugated%20massifs%2C%20and%20back-tilted%20ridges%20marking%20detachment%20breakaways.%20High-resolution%20Sentry%20data%20reveal%20a%20new%20detachment%20morphology%3B%20a%20low-angle%2C%20irregular%20surface%20in%20the%20regional%20bathymetry%20is%20shown%20to%20be%20a%20finely%20corrugated%20detachment%20surface%20%28corrugation%20wavelength%20of%20only%20tens%20of%20meters%20and%20relief%20of%20just%20a%20few%20meters%29.%20Multiscale%20corrugations%20are%20observed%202-3%20km%20from%20the%20detachment%20breakaway%20suggesting%20that%20they%20formed%20in%20the%20brittle%20layer%2C%20perhaps%20by%20anastomosing%20faults.%20The%20thin%20wedge%20of%20hanging%20wall%20lavas%20that%20covers%20a%20low-angle%20%286%20degrees%29%20detachment%20footwall%20near%20its%20termination%20are%20intensely%20faulted%20and%20fissured%3B%20this%20deformation%20may%20be%20enhanced%20by%20the%20low%20angle%20of%20the%20emerging%20footwall.%20Active%20detachment%20faulting%20currently%20is%20limited%20to%20the%20western%20side%20of%20the%20rift%20valley.%20Nonetheless%2C%20detachment%20fault%20morphologies%20also%20are%20present%20over%20a%20large%20portion%20of%20the%20eastern%20flank%20on%20crust%20%3E2%20Ma%2C%20indicating%20that%20within%20the%20last%205%20Ma%20parts%20of%20the%20ridge%20axis%20have%20experienced%20periods%20of%20two-sided%20detachment%20faulting.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2014gc005563%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QY8EX75M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20White%2C%20N.%2C%20Henstock%2C%20T.%2C%20Murton%2C%20B.%2C%20Maclennan%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jones%2C%20S.%20M.%20%282014%29.%20A%20continuous%2055-million-year%20record%20of%20transient%20mantle%20plume%20activity%20beneath%20Iceland.%20%3Ci%3ENature%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E7%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%20914%26%23x2013%3B919.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2FNgeo2281%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2FNgeo2281%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20continuous%2055-million-year%20record%20of%20transient%20mantle%20plume%20activity%20beneath%20Iceland%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maclennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%2C%20a%20mid-ocean%20ridge%20bisects%20the%20Icelandic%20mantle%20plume%2C%20and%20provides%20a%20window%20into%20its%20temporal%20evolution%281-3%29.%20V-shaped%20ridges%20of%20thick%20oceanic%20crust%20observed%20south%20of%20Iceland%20are%20thought%20to%20record%20pulses%20of%20upwelling%20within%20the%20plume%284-7%29.%20Specifically%2C%20excess%20crust%20is%20thought%20to%20form%20during%20the%20quasi-periodic%20generation%20of%20hot%20solitary%20waves%20triggered%20by%20thermal%20instabilities%20in%20the%20mantle%288%29.%20Here%20we%20use%20seismic%20reflection%20data%20to%20show%20that%20V-shaped%20ridges%20have%20formed%20over%20the%20past%2055%20million%20years-providing%20the%20longest%20record%20of%20plume%20periodicity%20of%20its%20kind.%20We%20find%20evidence%20for%20minor%2C%20but%20systematic%2C%20asymmetric%20formation%20of%20crust%2C%20due%20to%20migration%20of%20the%20mid-ocean%20ridge%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20underlying%20plume.%20We%20also%20find%20changes%20in%20periodicity%3A%20from%2055%20to%2035%20million%20years%20ago%2C%20the%20V-shaped%20ridges%20form%20every%203%20million%20years%20or%20so%20and%20reflect%20small%20fluctuations%20in%20plume%20temperature%20of%20about%205-10%20degrees%20C.%20From35%20million%20years%20ago%2C%20the%20periodicity%20changes%20to%20about%208%20million%20years%20and%20reflects%20changes%20in%20mantle%20temperature%20of%2025-30%20degrees%20C.%20We%20suggest%20that%20this%20change%20in%20periodicity%20is%20probably%20caused%20by%20perturbations%20in%20the%20thermal%20state%20at%20the%20plume%20source%2C%20either%20at%20the%20mantle-transition%20zone%20or%20core-mantle%20boundary.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2FNgeo2281%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221752-0894%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SJLPS3VI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-10-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%2C%20Cann%2C%20J.%20R.%2C%20Smith%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Schouten%2C%20H.%2C%20Yoerger%2C%20D.%2C%20Palmiotto%2C%20C.%2C%20Zheleznov%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bai%2C%20H.%20L.%20%282014%29.%20Sedimentation%20rates%20test%20models%20of%20oceanic%20detachment%20faulting.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E41%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2820%29%2C%207080%26%23x2013%3B7088.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2014gl061555%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2014gl061555%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sedimentation%20rates%20test%20models%20of%20oceanic%20detachment%20faulting%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schouten%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoerger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palmiotto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheleznov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bai%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Long-lived%20detachment%20faults%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20the%20construction%20of%20new%20oceanic%20crust%20at%20slow-spreading%20mid-oceanic%20ridges.%20Although%20the%20corrugated%20surfaces%20of%20exposed%20low-angle%20faults%20demonstrate%20past%20slip%2C%20it%20is%20difficult%20to%20determine%20whether%20a%20given%20fault%20is%20currently%20active.%20If%20inactive%2C%20it%20is%20unclear%20when%20slip%20ceased.%20This%20judgment%20is%20crucial%20for%20tectonic%20reconstructions%20where%20detachment%20faults%20are%20present%2C%20and%20for%20models%20of%20plate%20spreading.%20We%20quantify%20variation%20in%20sediment%20thickness%20over%20two%20corrugated%20surfaces%20near%2016.5%20degrees%20N%20at%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%20using%20near-bottom%20Compressed%20High%20Intensity%20Radar%20Pulse%20%28CHIRP%29%20data.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20distribution%20of%20sediment%20and%20tectonic%20features%20at%20one%20detachment%20fault%20is%20consistent%20with%20slip%20occurring%20today.%20In%20contrast%2C%20another%20corrugated%20surface%2020km%20to%20the%20south%20shows%20a%20sediment%20distribution%20suggesting%20that%20slip%20ceased%20similar%20to%20150%2C000years%20ago.%20Data%20presented%20here%20provide%20new%20evidence%20for%20active%20detachment%20faulting%2C%20and%20suggest%20along-axis%20variations%20in%20fault%20activity%20occur%20over%20tens%20of%20kilometers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Oct%2028%202014%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2014gl061555%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-27T18%3A51%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WVDG73JB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-02-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EParnell-Turner%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20R.%20E.%2C%20White%2C%20N.%20J.%2C%20Maclennan%2C%20J.%2C%20Henstock%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Murton%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jones%2C%20S.%20M.%20%282013%29.%20Crustal%20manifestations%20of%20a%20hot%20transient%20pulse%20at%2060%20degrees%20N%20beneath%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Planetary%20Science%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E363%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20109%26%23x2013%3B120.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2012.12.030%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2012.12.030%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Crustal%20manifestations%20of%20a%20hot%20transient%20pulse%20at%2060%20degrees%20N%20beneath%20the%20Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parnell-Turner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22White%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maclennan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henstock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Since%20its%20inception%20at%2062%20Ma%2C%20mantle%20convective%20upwelling%20beneath%20Iceland%20has%20had%20a%20significant%20influence%20on%20Cenozoic%20vertical%20motions%2C%20magmatism%20and%20paleoceanography%20in%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20Crucially%2C%20intersection%20of%20the%20Reykjanes%20Ridge%20with%20the%20Icelandic%20Plume%20provides%20us%20with%20a%20useful%20window%20into%20the%20transient%20activity%20of%20this%20plume.%20Here%2C%20the%20spreading%20ridge%20acts%20as%20a%20linear%20sampler%20of%20plume%20activity%2C%20which%20is%20recorded%20as%20a%20series%20of%20time-transgressive%20V-shaped%20ridges%20and%20troughs.%20We%20present%20the%20results%20of%20a%20detailed%20study%20of%20the%20spreading%20ridge%20close%20to%2060%20degrees%20N%2C%20where%20the%20youngest%20V-shaped%20ridge%20of%20thickened%20oceanic%20crust%20is%20forming%20today.%20A%20combination%20of%20multibeam%20bathymetry%20and%20seismic%20reflection%20profiles%2C%20acquired%20along%20and%20across%20the%20ridge%20axis%2C%20is%20used%20to%20map%20the%20detailed%20pattern%20of%20volcanism%20and%20normal%20faulting.%20Along%20the%20ridge%20axis%2C%20the%20density%20of%20volcanic%20seamounts%20varies%20markedly%2C%20increasing%20by%20a%20factor%20of%20two%20between%2059%20degrees%20N%20and%2062%20degrees%20N.%20Within%20this%20zone%2C%20seismic%20imaging%20shows%20that%20there%20is%20enhanced%20acoustic%20scattering%20at%20the%20seabed.%20These%20observations%20are%20accompanied%20by%20a%20decrease%20in%20mean%20fault%20length%20from%20similar%20to%2012%20km%20to%20similar%20to%206%20km.%20A%201960-2009%20catalog%20of%20relocated%20teleseismic%20earthquake%20hypocenters%20indicates%20that%20there%20is%20a%20pronounced%20gap%20in%20seismicity%20between%2059%20degrees%20N%20and%2062%20degrees%20N%20where%20the%20cumulative%20moment%20release%20is%20two%20orders%20of%20magnitude%20smaller%20than%20that%20along%20adjacent%20ridge%20segments.%20A%20steady-state%20thermal%20model%20is%20used%20to%20show%20that%20a%20combination%20of%20increased%20melt%20generation%20and%20decreased%20hydrothermal%20circulation%20accounts%20for%20this%20suite%20of%20observations.%20The%20predicted%20decrease%20in%20the%20thickness%20of%20the%20brittle%20seismogenic%20layer%20is%20consistent%20with%20geochemical%20modeling%20of%20dredged%20basaltic%20samples%2C%20which%20require%20hotter%20asthenospheric%20material%20beneath%20the%20spreading%20axis.%20Thus%2C%20along-axis%20variation%20in%20melt%20supply%20caused%20by%20passage%20of%20a%20pulse%20of%20hot%20material%20modulates%20crustal%20accretion%20processes%20and%20rheological%20properties.%20%28C%29%202013%20Elsevier%20B.V.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%201%202013%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.epsl.2012.12.030%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-821x%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22VD7RWWR8%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-14T17%3A40%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Anderson, E. C., Parnell‐Turner, R., Sohn, R. A., & Fan, W. (2025). Deformation on Rainbow Massif, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Illuminated With Microearthquakes Detected by Machine Learning. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(2), e2024GL111285. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111285
Keohane, I., Wu, J.-N., White, S. M., & Parnell-Turner, R. (2025). Indications of abundant off-axis activity at the east Pacific rise, 9°50’ N, using a machine learning “chimney identification tool.” Computers & Geosciences, 197, 105874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2025.105874
Marjanović, M., Chen, J., Escartín, J., Parnell-Turner, R., & Wu, J.-N. (2024). Magma-induced tectonics at the East Pacific Rise 9°50’N: Evidence from high-resolution characterization of seafloor and subseafloor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(25), e2401440121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2401440121
Zheng, T., Lin, J., Schouten, H., Smith, D. K., Klein, E., & Parnell-Turner, R. (2023). Gravity Anomalies and Implications for Shallow Mantle Processes of the Western Cocos‐Nazca Spreading Center. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(5), e2022GL102133. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102133
Tucholke, B. E., Parnell‐Turner, R., & Smith, D. K. (2023). The Global Spectrum of Seafloor Morphology on Mid‐Ocean Ridge Flanks Related to Magma Supply. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 128(12), e2023JB027367. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB027367
Gong, J., Fan, W., & Parnell‐Turner, R. (2023). Machine Learning‐Based New Earthquake Catalog Illuminates On‐Fault and Off‐Fault Seismicity Patterns at the Discovery Transform Fault, East Pacific Rise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 24(9), e2023GC011043. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011043
Berrios‐Rivera, N., Gee, J. S., Parnell‐Turner, R., Maher, S., Wu, J., Fornari, D., Tivey, M., Marjanović, M., Barreyre, T., & McDermott, J. (2023). Significance of Short‐Wavelength Magnetic Anomaly Low Along the East Pacific Rise Axis, 9°50′N. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 24(5), e2023GC010875. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC010875
Wu, J., Parnell‐Turner, R., Fornari, D. J., Berrios‐Rivera, N., Barreyre, T., & McDermott, J. M. (2023). The Role of On‐ and Off‐Axis Faults and Fissures During Eruption Cycles and Crustal Accretion at 9°50′N, East Pacific Rise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 24(4), e2022GC010794. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010794
McDermott, J. M., Parnell-Turner, R., Barreyre, T., Herrera, S., Downing, C. C., Pittoors, N. C., Pehr, K., Vohsen, S. A., Dowd, W. S., Wu, J.-N., Marjanović, M., & Fornari, D. J. (2022). Discovery of active off-axis hydrothermal vents at 9° 54′N East Pacific Rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(30), e2205602119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205602119
Parnell-Turner, R., Smith, D. K., & Dziak, R. P. (2022). Hydroacoustic Monitoring of Seafloor Spreading and Transform Faulting in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 127(7), 20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jb024008
Wu, J. N., Parnell-Turner, R., Fornari, D. J., Kurras, G., Berrios-Rivera, N., Barreyre, T., & McDermott, J. M. (2022). Extent and volume of lava flows erupted at 9 degrees 50 ’ N, East Pacific Rise in 2005-2006 from autonomous underwater vehicle surveys. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 23(3), 19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010213
Gong, J. H., Fan, W. Y., & Parnell-Turner, R. (2022). Microseismicity indicates atypical small-scale plate rotation at the Quebrada Transform Fault System, East Pacific Rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(3), 14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl097000
Barreyre, T., Parnell-Turner, R., Wu, J. N., & Fornari, D. J. (2022). Tracking crustal permeability and hydrothermal response during seafloor eruptions at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees 50’N. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(3), 9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl095459
Fabbrizzi, A., Parnell‐Turner, R., Gregg, P. M., Fornari, D. J., Perfit, M. R., Wanless, V. D., & Anderson, M. (2022). Relative Timing of Off‐Axis Volcanism From Sediment Thickness Estimates on the 8°20’N Seamount Chain, East Pacific Rise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010335
de Melo, G. W. S., Parnell-Turner, R., Dziak, R. P., Smith, D. K., Maia, M., do Nascimento, A. F., & Royer, J. Y. (2021). Uppermost mantle velocity beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and transform faults in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 111(2), 1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200248
Parnell-Turner, R., Sohn, R. A., Peirce, C., Reston, T. J., MacLeod, C. J., Searle, R. C., & Simao, N. M. (2021). Seismicity trends and detachment fault structure at 13 degrees N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geology, 49(3), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1130/g48420.1
Urann, B. M., Dick, H. J. B., Parnell-Turner, R., & Casey, J. F. (2020). Recycled arc mantle recovered from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17604-8
Hoggard, M. J., Parnell-Turner, R., & White, N. (2020). Hotspots and mantle plumes revisited: Towards reconciling the mantle heat transfer discrepancy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116317
Parnell-Turner, R., Sim, S. J., & Olive, J. A. (2020). Time-Dependent Crustal Accretion on the Southeast Indian Ridge Revealed by Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 Search. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087349
Smith, D. K., Schouten, H., Parnell-Turner, R., Klein, E. M., Cann, J., Dunham, C., Alodia, G., Blasco, I., Wernette, B., Zawadzki, D., Latypova, E., Afshar, S., & Curry, S. (2020). The evolution of seafloor spreading behind the tip of the westward propagating Cocos-Nazca spreading center. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gc008957
Olive, J. A., Parnell-Turner, R., Escartin, J., Smith, D. K., & Petersen, S. (2019). Controls on the seafloor exposure of detachment fault surfaces. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 506, 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.001
Parnell-Turner, R., Escartin, J., Olive, J. A., Smith, D. K., & Petersen, S. (2018). Genesis of corrugated fault surfaces by strain localization recorded at oceanic detachments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.034
Parnell-Turner, R. E., Mittelstaedt, E., Kurz, M. D., Jones, M. R., Soule, S. A., Klein, F., Wanless, V. D., & Fornari, D. J. (2018). The final stages of slip and volcanism on an oceanic detachment fault at 13°48′N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007536
Craig, T. J., & Parnell-Turner, R. (2017). Depth-varying seismogenesis on an oceanic detachment fault at 13 degrees 20 ’ N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 479, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.020
Parnell-Turner, R., White, N., Henstock, T. J., Jones, S. M., Maclennan, J., & Murton, B. J. (2017). Causes and consequences of diachronous V-shaped ridges in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 122(11), 8675–8708. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014225
Parnell-Turner, R., Sohn, R. A., Peirce, C., Reston, T. J., MacLeod, C. J., Searle, R. C., & Simao, N. M. (2017). Oceanic detachment faults generate compression in extension. Geology, 45(10), 923–926. https://doi.org/10.1130/G39232.1
Parnell-Turner, R., Schouten, H., & Smith, D. K. (2016). Tectonic structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16 degrees 30 ’ N. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 17(10), 3993–4010. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gc006514
Parnell-Turner, R., White, N. J., McCave, I. N., Henstock, T. J., Murton, B., & Jones, S. M. (2016). Architecture of North Atlantic contourite drifts modified by transient circulation of the Icelandic mantle plume. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 16(10), 3414–3435. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gc005947
Smith, D. K., Schouten, H., Dick, H. J. B., Cann, J. R., Salters, V., Marschall, H. R., Ji, F. W., Yoerger, D., Sanfilippo, A., Parnell-Turner, R., Palmiotto, C., Zheleznov, A., Bai, H. L., Junkin, W., Urann, B., Dick, S., Sulanowska, M., Lemmond, P., & Curry, S. (2014). Development and evolution of detachment faulting along 50 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 16.5 degrees N. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 15(12), 4692–4711. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gc005563
Parnell-Turner, R., White, N., Henstock, T., Murton, B., Maclennan, J., & Jones, S. M. (2014). A continuous 55-million-year record of transient mantle plume activity beneath Iceland. Nature Geoscience, 7(12), 914–919. https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo2281
Parnell-Turner, R., Cann, J. R., Smith, D. K., Schouten, H., Yoerger, D., Palmiotto, C., Zheleznov, A., & Bai, H. L. (2014). Sedimentation rates test models of oceanic detachment faulting. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(20), 7080–7088. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061555
Parnell-Turner, R. E., White, N. J., Maclennan, J., Henstock, T. J., Murton, B. J., & Jones, S. M. (2013). Crustal manifestations of a hot transient pulse at 60 degrees N beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 363, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.030